he has left the scene of the incident—would be very unlikely to fabricate a lie in his testimony. In such a case, the judge may also warn him, saying, “If you give false testimony, you will be punished,” and he will then be deterred.
Thus, we say: As a basic rule, children’s testimony regarding matters that are generally witnessed only by children is accepted so long as they have not dispersed. If they have dispersed, the matter requires consideration: there may be indications that their testimony is truthful, or indications that it is untruthful; or the circumstances may leave both possibilities equally likely, without anything to favor either one.
Second: soundness of mind. The testimony of an insane person or an imbecile is not accepted, whereas the testimony of one who is occasionally afflicted by choking fits is accepted when he is lucid.
His statement, “Second: soundness of mind,” means that the second condition is soundness of mind. The noun ʿaql (reason) derives from the verb ʿaqala, and to understand something as ʿaqala means to restrain and confine it so that it does not run free. Hence the hobble of a camel, because it restrains it; and likewise the headband worn on the head.
Reason is of two types: the faculty of perception, by which one distinguishes between things—and we have previously mentioned that it is both innate and acquired—and sound judgment, by which one acts properly. Which of these is the reason that Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He, negated of the polytheists: the faculty of perception or sound judgment? The answer is: sound judgment. As for the faculty of perception, they possess it; this is why they are called to Islam and why the proof is established against them. Had they been insane, the proof would not have been established against them.
Does “reason” here mean the faculty of perception or sound judgment? What is meant here is the faculty of perception. Therefore, a person’s testimony is accepted even if he is foolish. Soundness of mind is stipulated for testimony because things cannot be perceived, retained, and conveyed except through reason, for it is what enables one to distinguish. Its opposites are insanity and imbecility; hence he said: