to the scene of the incident before ten minutes had passed, and directed these devices at that spot, they would capture images of what had occurred. This is used in Western countries. In any case, if such a device came and recorded the event, it would be accepted, because this is a known, tangible matter: people can watch it when it is presented, for example, to the judge or to the authority examining the case, and it establishes the matter.

“He must mention whatever is relevant to the ruling and whatever causes the ruling to differ in every case.”

His statement, “He must mention whatever is relevant to the ruling and whatever causes the ruling to differ in every case,” means: in everything concerning which he testifies, he must mention the descriptions and conditions that affect the ruling, as well as everything relevant to it. The scholars mentioned all of this, may Allah have mercy on them, in order to exercise due caution in testimony. But we have previously stated that the basic presumption regarding acts performed by those qualified to perform them is that they are valid. Thus, testimony that the act occurred is sufficient. Then, if the absence of a condition or the presence of an impediment is alleged, the case is reconsidered anew.