one must not undertake testimony unless one knows it with certainty. It is even reported that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said to a man, “Do you see the sun?” He replied, “Yes.” He said, “Testify only to something as clear as that, or refrain.” (1)
That is, only to something as clear as the sun. Even if you find indications pointing to a matter, do not testify to the matter itself; rather, testify to the indications you actually saw. But to testify to what those indications imply is not permissible, because testimony must be based on knowledge.
Unfortunately, false testimony has become widespread in this age, to the point that it has become cheap. A person can find someone in the marketplace to testify for him for ten riyals—or even less. Sometimes he may ask, “How much are you claiming?” If he says, “I am claiming one million riyals,” he replies, “One million riyals is too much; I will testify for one thousand riyals.” But if he says, “One hundred thousand,” he says, “One hundred riyals will suffice me”—according to the size of the claim, whether large or small. All of this—may Allah protect us—is deceit, injustice, and transgression.
Testimony is of two types: undertaking it and delivering it. Undertaking testimony means that a person assumes the obligation of testifying, while delivering it means testifying before the judge. Both are difficult: undertaking it must be based on knowledge, and the various means of attaining knowledge will come, Allah willing; while delivering it must be based on recollection together with knowledge,