Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

already paid him this one hundred. If that is possible, then whenever such a possibility exists, the inference is invalidated. The testimony is truthful regarding what the witnesses testified to, but the possibility that he has paid the debt remains. Therefore, judgment must be deferred until we examine what evidence he has.

In reality, both views have a valid basis. What I consider preferable in this issue is that it be left to the judge’s discretion. The judge may find circumstantial evidence requiring judgment against the absent party: the claimant may be a trustworthy and upright man, one who could not possibly claim what is not his, whereas the defendant may be otherwise. Thus, if he has indications establishing the validity of the claimant’s case, let him rule accordingly. But if he has no such indications, then he must refrain from ruling until he examines the opponent’s proof, for it is possible that he has already paid him.

If you say: We need an answer concerning the hadith of Hind bint Utbah, may Allah be pleased with her. The answer is very simple: it may be said that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, gave her a legal verdict; he did not issue a judgment in her favour. A fatwa differs from a judicial ruling. The following demonstrates that this was not a judgment:

First: the Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, did not require her to produce evidence. Had it been a judicial ruling, he would have required evidence from her, because the burden of proof rests upon the claimant. Since he did not require it, it is known that he gave her a fatwa on the basis of her statement.

Second: this occurred in Mecca, and Abu Sufyan, may Allah be pleased with him, was present in Mecca and was not in hiding. Had it been a judicial ruling, the Prophet, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, would have summoned him. Al-Nawawi, may Allah have mercy on him, gave this answer, and it is sound.

Nor may it be said: Perhaps the Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, ruled on the basis of his own knowledge in Abu

عليه قد أوفى هذه المائة، وإذا كان جائزاً فإنه إذا وجد الاحتمال بطل الاستدلال، فهذه البينة صادقة فيما شهدت به، لكن احتمال القضاء وارد، إذاً يجب الانتظار في الحكم حتى ننظر ما عنده. والحقيقة أن القولين كليهما له وجهة نظر، والذي أرى أن يرجع إلى رأي الحاكم في هذه المسألة، فقد يجد الحاكم من القرائن ما يقتضي الحكم على الغائب؛ لكون هذا المدعي رجلاً ثقة عدلاً، لا يمكن أن يدعي ما ليس له، والمدعى عليه بخلاف ذلك، فإذا كان عنده من القرائن ما يدل على صحة دعوى المدعي فليحكم بذلك، وإذا لم يكن عنده قرائن فالواجب أن يمسك ولا يحكم حتى ينظر حجة الخصم؛ لاحتمال أنه قضاه. فإن قلت: نحتاج إلى الجواب عن حديث هند بنت عتبة ﵂، فالجواب عن ذلك سهل جداً، وهو أن يقال: إن الرسول ﷺ أفتاها ولم يحكم لها، والفتوى غير الحكم، ويدل على أن ذلك ليس بحكم التالي: أولاً: أن الرسول ﷺ لم يطالبها بالبينة، ولو كان من باب الحكم لطالبها بالبينة؛ لأن البينة على المدعي، فلما لم يطالبها علم أنه أفتاها بمقتضى قولها. ثانياً: أن ذلك كان في مكة، وكان أبو سفيان ﵁ حاضراً في مكة ولم يكن مختفياً، فلو كان قضاء لأحضره النبي ﷺ، وبهذا أجاب النووي ﵀ وهو جواب صحيح. ولا يقال: لعل الرسول ﷺ حكم بعلمه في قضية أبي

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