The evidence for this is as follows:

1. The statement of the Messenger ﷺ: “Whoever sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers it.” (1) Just as the command pertains to the prayer itself, it also pertains to the manner in which the prayer is performed. Among its characteristics is reciting aloud when the prayer is a night prayer, and reciting quietly when it is a daytime prayer.

2. The hadith of Abu Qatadah concerning their having slept through the dawn prayer while they were with the Prophet ﷺ. He said: “He prayed the dawn prayer and did as he used to do every day.” (2)

3. Making up a prayer follows its original performance.

It may also be inferred from the hadith of Abu Qatadah that praying in congregation is legislated for a missed prayer—meaning, a prayer being made up—when they are a group, because making up a prayer follows its original performance. Thus, just as they would have prayed it in congregation had they performed it within its time, they likewise pray it in congregation when making it up. The sunnah also establishes this in the hadith of Abu Hurayrah: the Messenger ﷺ instructed Bilal to give the call to prayer; then he prayed the two units of the dawn sunnah prayer, and then led them in the dawn prayer in congregation. (3)

The evidence that a missed prayer must be made up immediately is as follows:

1. The statement of the Prophet ﷺ: “Whoever sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers it.” (4) His words, “let him pray it,” contain the lām of command, and he connected it to the words, “when