Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

This is an explicit, or near-explicit, indication that there would be consensus upon him. Accordingly, we say that Abu Bakr’s caliphate was established by an allusive or explicit text, according to what the scholars understand from these texts.

If someone were to say: “These texts are overturned by a single text: when the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, left Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, in charge of his family as he set out for Tabuk, Ali said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, are you leaving me behind with the women and children?’ He replied, ‘Are you not pleased to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?’” (1) Moses had said to Aaron, “Take my place among my people, do right” [al-A‘raf 7:142]. This indicates that Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, was the caliph after the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, and that Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, was not the caliph.

The response to this is that this is one of the ambiguous texts, whereas the proofs we have mentioned concerning Abu Bakr are decisive texts. Those firmly grounded in knowledge refer what is ambiguous back to what is decisive, so that all the texts may be understood decisively. None follows what is ambiguous while disregarding what is decisive except one in whose heart is deviation, as Allah Most High says:

“As for those in whose hearts is deviation, they follow that of it which is ambiguous, seeking discord and seeking its interpretation.” [Al ‘Imran 3:7]

If someone were to ask: How can we resolve the apparent ambiguity in this hadith?

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Manaqib (Virtues), chapter: “The virtues of Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Qurashi” (3706); and Muslim in Fada'il al-Sahabah (Virtues of the Companions), chapter: “Among the virtues of Ali ibn Abi Talib” (2404), on the authority of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him. The wording is that of al-Bukhari.
وهذا نص أو شبه نص على أنه سيكون الإجماع عليه، وعلى هذا فنقول: إن خلافة أبي بكر ثبتت بنص إيمائي أو صريح، حسب ما يفهمه العلماء من هذه النصوص. فإن قال قائل: هذه النصوص يهدمها نص واحد، وهو أن النبي ﷺ خلّف علي بن أبي طالب ﵁ على أهله حين غزا تبوكاً، فقال: يا رسول الله تجعلني في النساء والصبيان؟ قال له: «أما ترضى أن تكون مني بمنزلة هارون من موسى، إلا أنه لا نبي بعدي» (١)؟ وقد قال موسى لهارون: ﴿اخْلُفْنِي فِي قَوْمِي وَأَصْلِحْ﴾ [الأعراف: ١٤٢]، وهذا يدل على أن الخليفة بعد الرسول ﵊ هو علي بن أبي طالب، وأن أبا بكر ﵁ ليس الخليفة. فالجواب على هذا أن نقول: هذا نص من النصوص المتشابهة، والأدلة التي ذكرناها لأبي بكر من النصوص المحكمة، وأهل العلم الراسخون فيه، يردون المتشابه إلى المحكم؛ لتكون النصوص كلها محكمة، ولا يتبع المتشابه ويعرض عن المحكم إلا من كان في قلبه زيغ؛ لقول الله تعالى: ﴿فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاءَ الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاءَ تَأْوِيلِهِ﴾ [آل عمران: ٧]. فإذا قال قائل: كيف نزيل مشتبه هذا الحديث؟
(١) أخرجه البخاري في المناقب/ باب مناقب علي بن أبي طالب القرشي … (٣٧٠٦)، ومسلم في فضائل الصحابة/ باب من فضائل علي بن أبي طالب (٢٤٠٤) عن سعد بن أبي وقاص ﵁، واللفظ للبخاري.

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