Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (15/229)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

one’s wealth, and that is not something prescribed; unlike giving a specified item in charity, which is prescribed even if it exceeds one third. Thus, the issue involves three cases:

First: that a person vows to give all his wealth in charity. According to the Hanbali school, one third suffices him, whereas the view of most scholars is that he must give all his wealth in charity.

Second: that he vows to give in charity a specified item that exceeds one third. According to the school, he is required to give it in charity even if it exceeds one third; but the author’s position is that he is not required to give more than one third.

Third: that he vows to give an undivided share of his wealth in charity, such as saying, “One third of my wealth,” “Half of my wealth,” and the like. According to the apparent position of the school, what he specified becomes binding; whereas according to the author’s view, he is not required to give more than one third.

If he gives one third in charity, must he offer expiation?

He is not required to offer expiation, because the author says, “one third suffices him.” Since it suffices him, he has fulfilled his vow, and no expiation is due from him.

“And in all other cases, he is bound by what he specified. Whoever vows to fast for a month must fast consecutively; but if he vows a specified number of days, consecutive fasting is not required unless he stipulated it or intended it.”

His statement, “And in all other cases, he is bound by what he specified,” means: in cases other than the one mentioned—namely, where a person vows to give all his wealth in charity, or a specified portion of it that exceeds one third—he is bound by what he specified; that is, by the particular amount, even if it is large. For instance, suppose a man possesses one million riyals and says, “I vow to Allah that I will give three hundred thousand in charity.” Is he bound by this or not?

He is bound by it, because it is less than one third. The evidence is the general purport of the Prophet’s ﷺ statement: “Whoever vows to obey Allah, let him obey Him.” (1)

(1) Its source has been cited previously, p. 153.

المال، وليس ذلك بالأمر المشروع؛ بخلاف الصدقة بشيء معين فإنه مشروع ولو كان أكثر من الثلث، فالمسألة فيها ثلاثة أشياء: أولاً: أن ينذر الصدقة بجميع ماله، فمذهب الحنابلة يجزئه الثلث، وقول أكثر أهل العلم أنه لا بد أن يتصدق بماله كله. ثانياً: أن ينذر الصدقة بشيء معين يزيد على الثلث، فالمذهب يلزمه أن يتصدق به ولو زاد على الثلث، والذي مشى عليه المؤلف أنه لا يلزمه أكثر من الثلث. ثالثاً: أن ينذر الصدقة بشيء من ماله مشاع، مثل أن يقول: ثلث مالي، نصف مالي، وما أشبه ذلك، فيتعين ما قاله على ظاهر المذهب، وعلى كلام المؤلف لا يلزمه أكثر من الثلث. وهل إذا تصدق بالثلث عليه كفارة؟ ليس عليه كفارة؛ لأنه يقول: «يجزئه»، وما دام يجزئه فقد أوفى بنذره فلا كفارة عليه. وَفِيمَا عَدَاهَا يَلْزَمُهُ الْمُسَمَّى، وَمَنْ نَذَرَ صَوْمَ شَهْرٍ لَزِمَهُ التَّتَابُعُ، وَإِنْ نَذَرَ أَيَّاماً مَعْدُودَةً لَمْ يَلْزمْهُ إِلاَّ بِشَرْطٍ أَوْ نِيَّةٍ. قوله: «وفيما عداها يلزمه المسمى» أي: في ما عدا المسألة المذكورة، وهي إذا نذر الصدقة بماله كله، أو بمسمى منه يزيد على الثلث، فإنه يلزمه المسمى؛ أي: المعين ولو كثر، فلو فرضنا أن رجلاً عنده مليون ريال، وقال: لله عليّ نذر أن أتصدق بثلاث مائة ألف، فهل يلزمه أو لا؟ يلزمه؛ لأنه أقل من الثلث، ودليله عموم قول النبي ﷺ: «من نذر أن يطيع الله فليطعه» (١).

(١) سبق تخريجه ص (١٥٣).