Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

forgetfully or out of ignorance, he has not broken his oath. For if he commits something prohibited forgetfully or out of ignorance, he incurs no sin; likewise, if he does what he swore not to do forgetfully or out of ignorance, he has not broken his oath. This is because breaking an oath is predicated on culpability: whenever a person is sinful according to the Sacred Law, he has broken his oath; but when he is not sinful, he has not broken it.

Thus, a man swears concerning himself, saying, “By Allah, I will not wear this garment,” then comes at night and wears it without realizing that it is the garment concerning which he swore. He has not broken his oath and owes no expiation, because, as previously mentioned, one of the conditions for expiation to become obligatory is that he break his oath knowingly, remembering it, and voluntarily. The basis for this is Allah’s saying:

“Our Lord, do not take us to task if we forget or make a mistake.” [al-Baqarah 2:286]

Likewise, if he does it forgetfully—for example, he wears the garment that he swore not to wear, having forgotten his oath—then he owes no expiation and has not broken his oath. The evidence is Allah’s saying:

“Our Lord, do not take us to task if we forget or make a mistake.”

Breaking an oath is predicated on culpability for the act, and one of the conditions for expiation to become obligatory is that he break his oath knowingly, remembering it, and voluntarily.

If he invokes divorce against himself in an oath, saying, “If I wear this garment, then my wife is divorced,” this is an oath. Then he wears it forgetfully. According to the author’s view, she is divorced, because he said, “He has broken his oath in cases of divorce.”

Or if he says, “If I do such-and-such, then my slave is free,” intending thereby to bind himself not to do it, this is an oath. If he then does it forgetfully, the slave is emancipated.

Likewise, if he says, “If I wear this garment, then my slave is free,” and he wears it without knowing that it is the garment concerning which he swore, the slave is emancipated. And if it concerns divorce, the woman is divorced. They say this is because it entails a right belonging to another person,

ناسياً أو جاهلاً فلا حنث عليه؛ لأنه لو فعل المحرم ناسياً أو جاهلاً فلا إثم عليه، فكذلك إذا فعل المحلوف عليه ناسياً أو جاهلاً فلا حنث عليه؛ لأن الحنث مبني على التأثيم، فمتى كان الإنسان يأثم في الحكم الشرعي حَنِثَ في اليمين، وإذا كان لا يأثم لم يحنث، فهذا رجل حلف على نفسه، قال: والله لا ألبس هذا الثوب، ثم جاء في الليل فلبسه وهو لا يدري أنه المحلوف عليه، فلا يحنث، فليس عليه كفارة؛ لأن من شروط وجوب الكفارة كما سبق أن يحنث عالماً ذاكراً مختاراً، وأصله قوله تعالى: ﴿رَبَّنَا لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا إِنْ نَسِيْنَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٦]. كذلك لو فعله ناسياً، كأن لبس الثوب الذي حلف أن لا يلبسه ناسياً أنه حلف، فإنه لا كفارة عليه ولم يحنث، والدليل قوله تعالى: ﴿رَبَّنَا لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا إِنْ نَسِيْنَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا﴾ والحنث مبني على التأثيم بالفعل، ولأن من شرط وجوب الكفارة أن يحنث عالماً ذاكراً مختاراً. وإذا حلف على نفسه في طلاق، بأن قال: إن لبست هذا الثوب فزوجتي طالق، فهذا يمين، ثم لبسه ناسياً. فعلى كلام المؤلف تطلق؛ لأنه قال: «حنث في الطلاق». أو قال: إن فعلت كذا فعبدي حر، وقصده أن يلزم نفسه بعدم الفعل، فهذا يمين، ففعله ناسياً فالعبد يعتق. وكذلك لو قال: إن لبست هذا الثوب فعبدي حر، فلبسه جاهلاً أنه الثوب الذي حلف عليه، فإنَّ العبد يعتق، وإن كان طلاقاً فالمرأة تطلق، يقولون: لأن هذا يتضمن حقاً لآدمي،

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