Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

a reprehensible statement and a falsehood: reprehensible because it is unlawful, and falsehood because it is a lie.

The manner of zihār is for a man to say to his wife, “You are to me like my mother’s back.” In the pre-Islamic period, they treated this as an irrevocable divorce, like a triple divorce. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, made clear that this ruling is invalid and imposed upon the one who pronounces zihār the severe expiation: freeing a slave; if he cannot find one, then fasting for two consecutive months; and if he is unable, then feeding sixty needy persons. Even so, it is not lawful for him to touch his wife—that is, to have intercourse with her—until he has made expiation, due to the saying of Allah, the Exalted: “before they touch one another.” [Surah al-Mujadilah 58:3]

Allah, the Exalted, explicitly stipulated this condition with respect to freeing a slave and fasting, but did not mention it with respect to feeding. The scholars therefore differed over feeding: may the husband who has pronounced zihār have intercourse with the wife in question before feeding the needy, or may he not do so until he has fed them?

They differed on this in two views. We have previously mentioned that the well-known position of the Hanbali school—and the view of most scholars—is that he may not touch her until he has fed them.

Thus, if a husband says to his wife, “You are forbidden to me,” he has pronounced zihār. The wife herself does not become forbidden, but he may not have intercourse with her until he makes expiation.

If he says, “If I do such-and-such, then my wife is forbidden to me,” and he does it, this constitutes zihār. Thus, according to the school, there is no difference between framing it as an oath or making the prohibition unconditional: both carry the ruling of zihār. That is, whether he makes her prohibition contingent upon a condition or does not make it contingent upon a condition.

Making it contingent upon a condition sometimes takes the form of an oath, and at other times it is a purely conditional statement.

القول وزور فهو منكر لأنه حرام، وزور لأنه كذب. وكيفية الظهار أن يقول الرجل لزوجته: أنت عليَّ كظهر أمي، وكانوا في الجاهلية يجعلونه طلاقاً بائناً كالطلاق الثلاث، فبيَّن الله ﷾ أن هذا الحكم حكمٌ باطل، وجعل على المُظاهر الكفارة المغلظة، وهي عتق رقبة، فإن لم يجد فصيام شهرين متتابعين، فإن لم يستطع فإطعام ستين مسكنياً، ومع ذلك لا يحل له أن يمس زوجته ـ أي: يجامعها ـ حتى يكفِّر؛ لقوله تعالى: ﴿مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَآسَّا﴾ [المجادلة: ٣]، وقد صرح الله ـ تعالى ـ بهذا الشرط في العتق والصيام، وسكت عنه في الإطعام، فاختلف العلماء في الإطعام هل يجوز أن يمس الزوجة المظاهر منها قبل الإطعام، أو لا يجوز حتى يطعم؟ اختلفوا في ذلك على قولين، وسبق لنا أن المشهور من مذهب الحنابلة، وهو قول أكثر أهل العلم، أنه لا يمسها حتى يطعم. فإذا قال الزوج لزوجته: أنتِ عليَّ حرامٌ صار مظاهراً، فالزوجة لا تحرُم، ولكن لا يجامعها حتى يكفِّر. وإذا قال: إن فعلتُ كذا فزوجتي عليَّ حرام، فَفَعَلَه صار ظهاراً، فلا فرق ـ على المذهب ـ بين أن يجعله صيغة قسم، أو أن يبت التحريم، فكلاهما حكمه حكم الظهار، أي: سواء علق تحريمها على شرط، أو لم يعلق تحريمها على شرط. والتعليق على الشرط تارة يجري مجرى اليمين، وتارة يكون شرطاً محضاً.

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