is permissible, because they are among His attributes. So what do ordinary people mean when they say, “By the signs of Allah”? It appears to me—and Allah knows best—that they mean the revealed signs, i.e., the Quran. On this basis, the oath is binding.
His statement: “Swearing by other than Allah is forbidden.” The word “other” is annexed to Allah, and thus includes everything besides Allah, Most High—even if it is a near angel or a messenger-prophet. Therefore, we say that swearing by the Messenger of Allah is unquestionably forbidden, as is swearing by Gabriel, Michael, or Israfil, because this is swearing by other than Allah. The evidence is the saying of the Messenger of Allah: “Whoever swears an oath should swear by Allah or remain silent.” (1) The lam in “let him remain silent” is the lam of command, and a command denotes obligation; that is, he must refrain from swearing. In another hadith: “Do not swear by your fathers.” (2)
If you say: Swearing by other than Allah is shirk, and the author ought to have expressed it as such, because it has a greater impact on people’s hearts than the word “forbidden.”
The answer is that the author, may Allah have mercy on him, is writing on jurisprudence, not on tawhid and creed, where one says: “This is shirk, and this is tawhid.” Rather, he is writing about what is permissible and what is not permissible. As for the nature of this forbidden matter, the author does not intend to discuss it, because its proper place is in books of creed. Nevertheless, to complete the benefit, we say: swearing by other than Allah is shirk, and shirk is greater than