of swearing. You may also say: “By Him—Allah—I shall certainly do such-and-such.” Here, it precedes an implicit noun while the verb of swearing is omitted. Thus, it is the most versatile of the oath-particles: it may be used with anything by which an oath is sworn, whether the name Allah, al-‘Azīz (the Almighty), al-Raḥmān (the Most Merciful), one of His Most High attributes, or anything else.
The second is the wāw. It is used more frequently than the bāʾ, but it is not used together with the verb of swearing and may only precede an explicit noun. It may be used with every noun by which an oath is sworn. Thus, you may say: “By Allah, I shall certainly do such-and-such,” or “By the Most Merciful, I shall certainly do such-and-such.” But the verb of swearing cannot accompany it, so one does not say: “I swear, by Allah, I shall certainly do such-and-such.” Nor may it precede a pronoun. It is therefore more restricted than the bāʾ in two respects: the verb of swearing is not mentioned with it, and it may only precede an explicit noun, not a pronoun.
The third is the tāʾ. According to the jurists, it may be used only with the Divine Name Allah and not with anything else. Ibn Mālik said:
“Restrict mudh and mundhu to time, rubba to an indefinite noun,
and tāʾ to Allah and Lord.”
Thus, he held that it may be used with the Divine Name Allah and with “Lord.” Allah the Exalted says:
“By Allah, I will certainly devise a plan against your idols.” [21:57]
It is not used together with the verb of swearing, nor may it precede a pronoun or any other names. It is therefore the most restricted of the oath-particles, because the verb of swearing cannot accompany it and an oath may be sworn with it only by the name Allah or “Lord.” Thus, if you were to say, “By the Most Merciful,” using tāʾ, it would not be an oath, because it cannot be used with al-Raḥmān; it is an invalid form.
The fourth is the elongated hāʾ, by which an oath is sometimes sworn, such as: “By Allah, I shall certainly do such-and-such,” or “By Allah, I shall not do such-and-such.”