But if he is in a land where the truth is made clear, and it is said, “This is polytheism,” yet he says, “I will follow the shaykh—the one with the large turban, broad head, long sleeves, and long tooth-stick. As for anyone else, I will not follow him,” then such a person is not excused. No matter how much the shaykh outwardly displays devotion, or how much he is regarded as a leading scholar, a learned authority, this is no excuse for you, since there are those before you who clarify the truth with its proofs. You are therefore not excused. The matter requires a person to pay attention and investigate, so that the relevant criterion may be established in the case of this particular individual: is he a disbeliever or not?
Shaykh al-Islam, may Allah have mercy on him, mentioned in several places in his writings that there is a difference between a statement and the one who makes it, and between an act and the one who performs it. A statement may be described as disbelief that expels one from the religion, yet we do not declare its speaker to have left the religion until the proof has been established against him. The same applies to an act: we may say, “This is an act that expels one from the religion,” but we do not declare the person who committed it to have left the religion unless the proof has been established against him.
For this reason, Shaykh al-Islam, may Allah have mercy on him, said that the imams, may Allah have mercy on them—including Imam Ahmad and others—did not declare the adherents of religious innovations to be disbelievers, except for the Jahmiyyah. They declared them disbelievers categorically, because their innovation plainly entailed disbelief. As for the Kharijites, the Qadariyyah, and those resembling them, Imam Ahmad’s explicit texts state that they are not disbelievers.
He, may Allah have mercy on him, also censured those who divided the religion into fundamentals and subsidiary matters, claiming that one is declared a disbeliever over the fundamentals but not over the subsidiary matters. He said that this distinction originated with the speculative theologians and is an innovated view, though some jurists followed them in this. He said to them: “Explain what you mean by the fundamentals—