were the philosophers, along with those Muslim scholars who outwardly followed the philosophers. Otherwise, the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions neither investigated nor discussed this matter. We have no need of it, for it only leads a person further into falsehood and may perhaps bring him to doubt and bewilderment—as happened to many scholars who entered into philosophy and became entangled in it, until they were like a man fallen into a deep pit: if he moves, he descends; and if he remains still, he descends.

He said: “Or [if he claims] that the Maker came into existence.” Thus, if he says that Allah came into existence after not having existed—exalted is Allah above that—then he disbelieves, for Allah says:

“He is the First and the Last.” [al-Hadid 57:3]

And He says:

“He is the One who created the heavens and the earth.” [al-Hadid 57:4]

So He is the Creator, and all besides Him is created.

He said: “Or if he mocks Allah’s promise or His warning; or does not declare disbelievers those who follow a religion other than Islam, such as the Christians; or doubts their disbelief; or regards their doctrine as correct.”

This is a serious matter. Whoever does not declare disbelievers those who follow a religion other than Islam is himself a disbeliever. There are ignorant and foolish people who say that it is not permissible to declare the Jews and Christians disbelievers. But how can you not declare them disbelievers when they ascribe every defect to your Lord?!

How can you not declare disbelievers those who say that your Lord is one of three?!

Why do you not declare disbelievers those who say that your Lord has sons?!

Why do you not declare disbelievers those who say that your Lord’s hands are shackled?!

Why do you not declare disbelievers those who say that Allah is poor?!