as all Muslims agree that usury is forbidden. Likewise, the prohibition of wine is established by definitive consensus among the Muslims. Thus, if someone says, “Wine is not forbidden,” he is a disbeliever—provided that he was raised among Muslims and knows the rulings of Islam. But if we suppose that he has only recently embraced Islam and does not know, and that he used to drink wine while he was a disbeliever, then we find him drinking wine after becoming Muslim and ask him, “How can you drink wine?!” and he replies, “Wine is lawful,” then he is not deemed a disbeliever, because he is ignorant. One who denies a prohibition out of ignorance of it does not disbelieve. This is why the author qualified it by saying, “if he is someone who could not be ignorant of it.”
His statement, “manifest prohibitions,” excludes concealed prohibitions whose forbidden nature is known only to the scholars. Whoever denies that such matters are forbidden does not disbelieve, because most people are ignorant of them.
The scholars also said: “Or if he denies the lawfulness of manifest matters that are unanimously agreed to be lawful, he is a disbeliever—for example, the lawfulness of bread or chicken eggs.”
The author of al-Iqnaʿ (1) said: “Al-Shaykh”—that is, Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah. Thus, whenever the author of al-Iqnaʿ says “al-Shaykh,” he means Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah, as he stated at the beginning of his book. But when you see “al-Shaykh” in al-Insaf, al-Furuʿ, or al-Tanqih, what is meant is al-Muwaffaq (2). He said: