their choice, because it would contradict the appointment made by the preceding caliph.
Third: through conquest—that an imam rises against another person, overpowers him and the people, gains control, and seizes authority.
As for the conditions of the imam, the scholars of jurisprudence have mentioned them in the books of fiqh, and they have also differed concerning them; they have not agreed upon all of them. However, if the imam has assumed office by one of the three aforementioned means—explicit designation, consensus, or conquest—and a group possessing strength and the capacity to resist rises against him on the basis of a plausible interpretation—that is, they do not merely rise up saying, “We do not want your rule.” Rather, they say, “We have risen against you because you did such-and-such and such-and-such, and we consider this to justify rising against you”—then they have risen against the imam. In the apodosis of the conditional statement, the author says: “They are rebels,” meaning unjust wrongdoers. These are the people known as the Khawarij, who rise against the imam on the basis of a plausible interpretation.
Thus, the conditions are that they be a group possessing strength and the capacity to resist, and that they rise against the imam on the basis of a plausible interpretation.
If a single man rises against the imam and says, “Step down from the caliphate or I will kill you,” the scholars said: if even one condition is absent, then they are highway robbers. Thus, this man is regarded as a highway robber and is treated as one.
Likewise, if a group with neither strength nor the capacity to resist rises against the imam, carrying sticks made from old palm fronds and seeking to remove the imam from his office, then they are highway robbers, because they possess neither strength nor the capacity to resist.
Are strength and the capacity to resist relative matters? That is, might this strength and capacity to resist constitute strength and capacity to resist in one era, yet not constitute strength and capacity to resist