The evidence that purification from impurity on the body is a condition is as follows:

First: All the hadiths concerning istinjāʾ (cleansing oneself with water) and istijmār (cleansing oneself with stones or the like) (1) indicate that purification from impurity is obligatory, since istinjāʾ and istijmār cleanse the place affected by the impurity.

Second: The Prophet’s ﷺ command to wash madhy (pre-seminal fluid) (2) indicates that the body must be free of impurity.

Third: His informing us of the two men who are being punished in their graves because one of them did not protect himself from urine (3).

The evidence that purification from impurity in the place is a condition is as follows:

First: Allah the Exalted says:

“And We charged Abraham and Ishmael: ‘Purify My House for those who circumambulate it, those who devote themselves to worship there, and those who bow and prostrate.’” [al-Baqarah: 125]

Second: When the Bedouin urinated in the mosque, the Prophet ﷺ ordered that a bucketful of water be poured over it (4). Therefore, impurity must be avoided in these three places. Discussion of avoiding impurity in detail will come, Allah willing, in the author’s words (5).

“The time for Zuhr begins when the sun passes its zenith and lasts until the shadow of an object, excluding its noon shadow, equals its length.”

The author, may Allah have mercy on him, then began to explain the prayer times in detail (6), saying: “The time for Zuhr begins when the sun passes its zenith.” The author began with it because Gabriel began