Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

with his sister—may Allah protect us—or his paternal aunt, maternal aunt, mother-in-law, or stepdaughter with whose mother he has consummated the marriage, and the like. This is because such a private part can never be lawful, whether through a marriage contract or otherwise, and because this is an enormity of the gravest kind.

His statement, “a living human being,” excludes the dead. That is, if someone commits fornication or adultery with a dead woman—and this does occur—he is not subject to the prescribed punishment. They said: because one’s natural disposition recoils from and detests it, the natural deterrent is deemed sufficient in place of the prescribed punishment. Nevertheless, he must be subjected to discretionary punishment.

It was also said that one who has intercourse with a dead woman commits fornication or adultery with her and is liable to two prescribed punishments: one for fornication or adultery, and one for violating the sanctity of the deceased. For a living woman may be the object of desire and pleasure, unlike a dead woman. Imam Ahmad—according to one narration, if it is not the final one—inclined toward this view: that he is liable to two prescribed punishments because of the heinousness of this act. Undoubtedly, it is an act of the utmost repulsiveness. At the very least, the dead woman should be treated like the living woman in light of the generality of the evidences:

“Let the woman who fornicates or commits adultery and the man who fornicates or commits adultery each be given a hundred lashes.” [al-Nur 24:2]

The texts are general: this man is a fornicator or adulterer, even though the woman is not; but this is not a condition. Thus, if he commits fornication or adultery with an insane woman, the prescribed punishment is obligatory upon him but not upon her. The two punishments are not necessarily inseparable.

If a previously married man commits fornication or adultery with a virgin, he is stoned, while she is lashed. Thus, for the prescribed punishment for fornication or adultery to be carried out, it is not a condition that the two offenders receive the same punishment.

The conditions, then, are:

First: the complete insertion of the original glans.

بأخته والعياذ بالله، أو بعمته، أو خالته، أو أم زوجته، أو بنت زوجته التي دخل بها، وما أشبه ذلك؛ لأن هذا الفرج لا يحل بأي حال من الأحوال، لا بعقد ولا بغيره؛ ولأن هذه فاحشة عظيمة. وقوله: «آدمي حي» احترازاً من الميت، يعني لو زنا بميِّتة ـ وهذا يحصل ـ فإنه لا يحد، قالوا: لأن النفس تعافها وتكرهها، فاكتفي بالرادع الطبيعي عن الحد، ولكن لا بد أن يعزر. وقيل: إن الذي يأتي الميتة، يزني بها، عليه حدان، مرة للزنا، ومرة لانتهاك حرمة الميتة؛ لأن الحية قد يكون منها شهوة وتلذذ بخلاف الميتة، والإمام أحمد ﵀ في إحدى الروايات إن لم تكن الأخيرة ـ يميل إلى هذا، أنه يجب عليه حدان لبشاعة هذا الأمر، وهو لا شك أمر مستبشع غاية الاستبشاع، ولا أقل من أن نلحق الميتة بالحية لعموم الأدلة: ﴿الزَّانِيَةُ وَالزَّانِي فَاجْلِدُوا كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِئَةَ جَلْدَةٍ﴾ [النور: ٢]، فإن النصوص عامة، فهذا الرجل زانٍ، وإن كانت المرأة ليست بزانية، لكن ليس بشرط، ولهذا لو زنا بامرأة مجنونة وجب عليه الحد ولم يجب عليها؛ فليس الحدان متلازمين. ولو زنا محصن ببكر رجم وجلدت، فليس بشرط لإقامة الحد في الزنا أن يكون الزانيان عقوبتهما سواء. فالشروط إذاً: أولاً: تغييب الحشفة الأصلية كلِّها.

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