Excluded by our saying, “a prescribed punishment,” is a punishment that is not prescribed in a fixed measure, such as the Prophet’s saying, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him: “And strike them for it when they are ten years old” (1). Here, no specific number was stipulated; thus, this beating is not a hadd punishment, but a discretionary punishment.
And by our saying, “prescribed by the Sacred Law,” we exclude a punishment whose measure is determined by a judge. If a judge says, “I rule that So-and-so be flogged fifty lashes,” this is not a hadd punishment, because it is the judge who has stipulated it.
And by our saying, “for an act of disobedience,” we mean to clarify the reality: these punishments are imposed for acts of disobedience. The Sacred Law prescribes no punishment for anything other than an act of disobedience. There is no prescribed punishment for neglecting an obligation or for leaving a permissible act. Neglecting an obligation undoubtedly entails committing what is forbidden, but it carries no prescribed punishment—unless it amounts to apostasy, in which case the punishment is execution.
However, execution for apostasy and execution by way of retaliation are not hadd punishments, contrary to the later scholars who classify execution for apostasy and execution by way of retaliation as hadd punishments. This is undoubtedly mistaken, for a hadd punishment must be carried out, whereas retaliation may be waived through pardon, and execution for apostasy is waived when the apostate returns to Islam. But if, for example, an unmarried person commits unlawful sexual intercourse and it is established against him, the punishment cannot be waived. Even if he repents, once the crime has been established by legal evidence, his repentance is not accepted as grounds for waiving it; rather, the hadd punishment must be carried out upon him.
Is it obligatory to carry out the hadd punishment or not? The author says:
“A hadd punishment is not obligatory except upon an adult, …”
“A hadd punishment is not obligatory except upon an adult.” How I wish the author had said instead, “A hadd punishment is obligatory upon every adult,” for an affirmative formulation is better than a negative one. For if he says: