Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

Performance is what is done within its prescribed time for the first time.

Repetition is what is done within its prescribed time a second time, as in the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “If the two of you have prayed in your respective dwellings, then come to a congregational mosque, pray with them, for it will be a voluntary prayer for you.” (1)

Making up a missed prayer is what is done after its prescribed time. This is according to the well-known view held by most scholars: whatever is done after its prescribed time is deemed to be making up a missed prayer.

However, there is a second view, which is the sounder one: whatever is done after its prescribed time—if it is done without an excuse, it is not accepted at all; but if it is done with an excuse, then it is performance, not making up a missed prayer. (2) The evidence for this is the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “Whoever sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers it.” (3) Thus, he made its time the time when one remembers it; likewise, in the case of sleep, its time is upon awakening. The disagreement in this matter is close to being merely verbal, since they all agree that the adhan and iqamah are prescribed even for prayers performed after their prescribed time.

It is recommended for the one who hears it to repeat it quietly …

His statement, “It is recommended for the one who hears it to repeat it quietly”: sunnah has two usages:

(1) Narrated by Ahmad, 4:160; Abu Dawud, Book of Prayer, chapter: “One Who Prays at Home and Then Joins the Congregation”; nos. 575-576; al-Nasai, Book of Imamate, chapter: “Repeating the Fajr Prayer with the Congregation for One Who Prayed Alone,” 2:112, no. 54; and al-Tirmidhi, Book of Prayer, chapter: “Regarding a Man Who Prays Alone and Then Joins the Congregation,” no. 219. The wording is al-Tirmidhi’s, from the hadith of Yazid ibn al-Aswad. It was authenticated by al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Khuzaymah, no. 1279; Ibn Hibban, no. 1564; Ibn al-Sakan; al-Hakim, 1:244; al-Nawawi; and others. See al-Khulasah, no. 770; al-Talkhis al-Habir, no. 564. (2) See Majmu al-Fatawa, 22:36-37; and Ibn al-Qayyim, Kitab al-Salah, p. 72. (3) Agreed upon by al-Bukhari and Muslim; its source documentation has preceded on p. 15.
فالأداء: ما فُعل في وقته لأوّل مرّة. والإعادة: ما فُعِلَ في وقته مرَّة ثانية كقوله ﷺ: «إذا صَلَّيتُما في رِحالِكُما؛ ثم أتيتما مسجدَ جماعة فصلِّيا معهم، فإنَّها لكما نافلة» (١). والقضاء: ما فُعِلَ بعد وقته، وهذا بناءً على المشهور عند أكثر أهل العلم أنَّ ما فُعِلَ بعد الوقت فهو قَضاء. ولكن هناك قولاً ثانياً هو الأصحُّ: وهو أنَّ ما فُعِلَ بعد الوقت؛ فإن كان لغير عُذْرٍ لم يقبل إطلاقاً، وإِن كان لعُذْرٍ فهو أداء وليس بقضاء (٢). ودليل ذلك قول النبيِّ ﷺ: «مَنْ نام عن صلاة أو نسيها فليصلِّها إذا ذكرها» (٣). فجعل وقتها عند ذكرها، وكذلك في النوم عند الاستيقاظ. والخلاف في هذا قريب من اللفظي؛ لأن الكُلَّ يتَّفقون على أنه يُشرع الأذان والإقامة حتى فيما فُعِلَ بعد الوقت. وَيَسَنُّ لسَامِعِهِ مُتَابَعَتُه سِرًّا ............ قوله: «ويُسَنُّ لسامعه مُتابعتُه سِرًّا»، السُّنَّة لها إطلاقان:
(١) رواه أحمد (٤/ ١٦٠)، وأبو داود، كتاب الصلاة: باب من صلى في منزله ثم أدرك الجماعة يصلي معهم، رقم (٥٧٥، ٥٧٦)، والنسائي، كتاب الإمامة: باب إعادة الفجر مع الجماعة لمن صلى وحده، (٢/ ١١٢) رقم (٥٤)، والترمذي، كتاب الصلاة: باب في الرجل يصلي وحده ثم يدرك الجماعة، رقم (٢١٩) واللفظ له من حديث يزيد بن الأسود. وصححه: الترمذي، وابن خزيمة (١٢٧٩)، وابن حبان (١٥٦٤)، وابن السَّكن، والحاكم (١/ ٢٤٤)، والنوويُّ وغيرهم. انظر: «الخلاصة» رقم (٧٧٠)، «التلخيص الحبير» رقم (٥٦٤). (٢) انظر: «مجموع الفتاوى» (٢٢/ ٣٦، ٣٧)، «كتاب الصلاة» لابن القيم ص (٧٢). (٣) متفق عليه، وقد تقدَّم تخريجه ص (١٥).

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