Performance is what is done within its prescribed time for the first time.
Repetition is what is done within its prescribed time a second time, as in the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “If the two of you have prayed in your respective dwellings, then come to a congregational mosque, pray with them, for it will be a voluntary prayer for you.” (1)
Making up a missed prayer is what is done after its prescribed time. This is according to the well-known view held by most scholars: whatever is done after its prescribed time is deemed to be making up a missed prayer.
However, there is a second view, which is the sounder one: whatever is done after its prescribed time—if it is done without an excuse, it is not accepted at all; but if it is done with an excuse, then it is performance, not making up a missed prayer. (2) The evidence for this is the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “Whoever sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers it.” (3) Thus, he made its time the time when one remembers it; likewise, in the case of sleep, its time is upon awakening. The disagreement in this matter is close to being merely verbal, since they all agree that the adhan and iqamah are prescribed even for prayers performed after their prescribed time.
It is recommended for the one who hears it to repeat it quietly …
His statement, “It is recommended for the one who hears it to repeat it quietly”: sunnah has two usages: