hardship that makes it difficult for a person to perform each prayer in its prescribed time, he may combine them, whether he is resident or travelling. If a person combines the prayers while away from town, he gives the adhan for the first prayer and the iqamah for each obligatory prayer. But if he is in town, the town’s adhan suffices; he then gives the iqamah for each obligatory prayer.

The evidence for this is what is established in Sahih Muslim from the hadith of Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him: the Prophet ﷺ gave the adhan at Arafah, then gave the iqamah and prayed Dhuhr; then he gave the iqamah and prayed Asr. Likewise, at Muzdalifah, he gave the adhan and iqamah and prayed Maghrib; then he gave the iqamah and prayed Isha (1).

As for the reasoning, the time of the two prayers being combined becomes a single time. Thus, one adhan suffices, but one iqamah does not suffice, because each prayer requires its own iqamah. Hence, one who combines two prayers gives the adhan once and gives the iqamah for each prayer.

The second issue: whoever makes up missed prayers gives the adhan once and the iqamah for each obligatory prayer.

That is, if several prayers have been missed, he gives the adhan for them once and gives the iqamah for each obligatory prayer, just as with prayers that are combined. It is established that the Prophet ﷺ gave the adhan and iqamah during the Battle of the Confederates (2). Thus, the evidence is established by explicit text and by analogy with the combined prayers, concerning which it is established that the Prophet ﷺ gave the adhan once and the iqamah according to the number of prayers.

His statement, “or makes up missed prayers”: the scholars said that there are three classifications of prayer: performance within its prescribed time, repetition, and making up a missed prayer (3).