from a snakebite, a thunderbolt, or an illness peculiar to that locality. As for a legally accountable person, he stated that two things are necessary: first, that he shackle his hands; and second, that he fetter his feet.

Shackling is for the hands, and fettering is for the feet. Thus, if he seizes a free person, shackles his hands, fetters his feet, and imprisons him, then a snake comes and bites him, he is liable for him. Likewise, if he is struck by lightning, he is liable for him, because the cause of death is specific to that locality. If he dies of an illness, the apparent meaning of the author’s words is that there is no liability, since he said, “and he dies from a thunderbolt or a snakebite.” But the correct view is that if he dies from an illness peculiar to that locality, he is liable for him. There is no difference between a minor and a legally accountable person whose hands he has shackled and whose feet he has fettered, for once he has shackled and fettered him, he is unable either to free himself or to defend himself; his ruling is therefore that of a minor.

These examples concerning the minor or the legally accountable person fall under causation, not direct perpetration.