his rights would be neglected, and he would fall under general rather than individual care. The duty, however, is that he be under individual care.
Or, if the custodian is unfit, custody passes to the next person in line. There is no right of custody for one who is enslaved, sinful, or a disbeliever; nor for a woman married to a man unrelated to the child in custody, from the time the marriage contract is concluded. If the impediment ceases, that person’s right is restored. If either parent wishes to make a long journey to settle in a distant town, and both the traveler and the route are safe, custody belongs to the father. But if the journey is long for a need, or short—whether for a need or for settlement—custody belongs to the mother.
His statement, “Or, if he is unfit, custody passes to the next person in line,” means: if the custodian is unfit. To be qualified, he must be a Muslim, upright, and a mahram relative for a girl who has reached seven years of age. If he is not a Muslim, he has no right of custody, since a disbelieving man cannot undertake the upbringing of a Muslim. Likewise, if he is a flagrantly sinful person known for immorality and licentious behavior, custody passes to the next person in line. If he is upright but negligent, incapable of proper care and guardianship, custody is transferred to the next person in line, because he is unfit. And if he is not a mahram relative for a girl who has reached seven, he has no right of custody.
His statement, “There is no right of custody for one who is enslaved”: an enslaved person is not qualified for custody; thus, the custodian must be free. They justified this by saying that an enslaved person himself requires guardianship, since he is owned; so how can he be a guardian over another? Moreover, if he were to take custody of his own children, his brother’s children, or the like, he would be occupied with custody to the detriment of his master’s interests, and his master would be harmed thereby. Since a woman loses her right of custody when she marries, lest she be distracted from her husband, the enslaved person likewise has no right of custody.
Some scholars held that he does have the right of custody if his master consents. They cited as evidence that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade separating a mother from her child (1),