know of her husband’s death, and she continued after his death to spend from the money. The heir may therefore hold her liable for everything she spent after his death.

If she says, “I did not know; the presumption is that he remained alive,” we reply: “That is correct, but it does not remove your liability. Rather, it only removes the sin of spending from the heirs’ property without their permission, since you did not know. This is because it is a human right, and with respect to people’s rights, there is no difference between one who is ignorant and one who knows, except regarding sin. As for liability, she remains liable.”