the wife. These testimonies number four, followed by a fifth in which the husband says that Allah’s curse be upon him, or the wife says that Allah’s wrath be upon her. They are then separated permanently, and she is never lawful for him thereafter.
The reason for liʿān is that a man accuses his wife of adultery—may Allah protect us—whether he accuses her with a particular man or without naming anyone in particular; for example, by saying, “You adulteress,” or, “So-and-so committed adultery with you.”
The basic rule is that whoever accuses someone of adultery is told: “Produce the evidence, or we shall flog you eighty lashes,” because people’s honour is inviolable. Thus, if one person says to another, “You are an adulterer,” or, “O adulterer,” or anything similar, we say: “Produce the evidence, or you will receive eighty lashes on your back.” If he says, “I saw him commit adultery with my own eyes,” we say to him: “If you do not bring the witnesses, then you are a liar in the sight of Allah.” This is why Allah, Most High, says:
“So if they do not produce the witnesses, then it is they who, in the sight of Allah, are the liars.” [al-Nur: 13]
He did not say according to the actual reality of the matter, but rather, “in the sight of Allah”—that is, according to His ruling and His law, he is a liar, even if he is in fact truthful. Even if three people came forward to testify that someone had committed adultery, we would say: “Either bring the evidence, or we shall flog you.”
Accordingly, liʿān is an exception to this basic rule, because when a man accuses his wife, there are only three possibilities: either she admits it, he produces four witnesses, or the two engage in liʿān. As for someone other than a husband, either the accused admits it, or you bring four witnesses. In the case of the husband, however, we add another possibility: that he may engage in liʿān.
When the verse was revealed:
“So if they do not produce the witnesses, then it is they who, in the sight of Allah, are the liars.” [al-Nur: 13]
Saʿd ibn ʿUbādah, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “O