have intercourse with her, because it is not ẓihār. Yet she is required to free a slave; if she cannot find one, then she must fast for two consecutive months; and if she is unable, then she must feed sixty needy persons.
The second view on this matter is that she is not liable for the expiation of ẓihār. This is undoubtedly correct: she is only liable for the expiation of an oath. Once we have ruled that it is not ẓihār, how can we impose its ruling upon her? Expiation is contingent upon the establishment of ẓihār; so if ẓihār has not been established, how can we require its expiation?
Thus, the correct view is that she need only offer the expiation of an oath, since all that can be said is that she has declared him—that is, her husband—forbidden to herself. He therefore falls under the saying of Allah, Most High: “O Prophet, why do you forbid what Allah has made lawful for you?” [al-Taḥrīm 66:1]. Hence, if she says to her husband, “You are to me like my father’s back,” and then permits him to have intercourse with her, she must offer the expiation of an oath: freeing a slave, feeding ten needy persons, or clothing them—at her choice; and if she cannot do so, then she must fast for three days.
His words, “and it is valid with respect to every wife,” mean that a man may pronounce ẓihār concerning any of his wives, whether or not he has consummated the marriage with her, whether she is young or old, and whether intercourse with her is possible or not.
His words, “and it is valid with respect to every wife,” indicate that it is not valid with respect to a woman who is not his wife. We have previously mentioned that, according to the established school, it is valid concerning an unrelated woman: if he subsequently marries her, he may not have intercourse with her until he offers expiation. The correct view, however, is that it is not valid concerning a woman who is not his wife. But if he marries her, he must not have intercourse with her until he offers the expiation of an oath. This is like saying, “By Allah, I will not have intercourse with this woman,” and then marrying her: she is lawful for him, but he must offer the expiation of an oath.