he said it, she was not his wife. This is like saying, “This woman is divorced,” then marrying her: the divorce does not take effect. Even if he says, “If I marry her, she is divorced,” the divorce does not take effect, because he is not her husband. Likewise, if he says to a woman whom he has not married, “You are to me like my mother’s back,” then marries her, he has not pronounced ẓihār, because he was not her husband. The evidence for this is Allah’s saying:
“For those who swear abstinence from their wives…” [al-Baqarah 2:226]
A woman is not among his wives unless he has married her.
His statement, “a husband,” means that a man cannot be a husband unless the marriage contract is valid.
His statement, “by Allah Most High,” means by any of Allah’s names, whether by this specific name, “Allah,” or another. For example, if he says, “By Allah, I shall not have intercourse with my wife for one year,” or, “By the Mighty, the Wise, I shall not have intercourse with my wife for one year,” then he has made an oath of īlāʾ.
His statement, “or by one of His attributes”: in al-Rawḍ (1), it says, “such as the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful.” This is incorrect, for the Most Merciful and the Especially Merciful are not attributes; rather, they are names. An attribute would be if he said, “By Allah’s might and by Allah’s power, I shall not have intercourse with my wife.” Hence Allah, glorified and exalted is He, says:
“He is Allah, besides Whom there is no god: Knower of the unseen and the seen. He is the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful…”
Then, at the end of the two verses, He says:
“To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names.” [al-Hashr 59:22–24]
Thus Allah describes these as names.
It is understood from the author’s statement, “by Allah Most High or by one of His attributes,” that īlāʾ is not effected by declaring something forbidden, by a vow, or by divorce, even though these are legally binding oaths. That is, if he says, “I vow to Allah that I shall not have intercourse with my wife,” then the apparent meaning of the author’s words is that this is not īlāʾ, even though it carries the legal ruling of an oath. Likewise, if he