“and whoever abandons it has disbelieved.” (1) The phrase “between” entails a distinction between two things: this is on one side, and that is on the other.
His saying in the hadith, “disbelief,” uses the definite article, which indicates the true reality of the matter: this is actual disbelief, not lesser disbelief. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah noted this in his book Iqtida’ al-Sirat al-Mustaqim (2). The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not merely say, “disbelief,” as he did when he said: “There are two matters among people which constitute disbelief on their part: impugning lineage and wailing over the dead.” (3) Rather, he said, “Between a man and polytheism and disbelief,” thereby referring to absolute disbelief—the kind that expels one from the religion.
As for the statements of the Companions, they are numerous. They have been reported from sixteen Companions, among them Umar ibn al-Khattab (4). Abdullah ibn Shaqiq, who was
(1) Narrated by Ahmad (5/346); al-Tirmidhi, Book of Faith, chapter: Reports Concerning Abandoning the Prayer, no. 2621; al-Nasa'i, Book of Prayer, chapter: The Ruling on One Who Abandons the Prayer (1/231), no. 462; Ibn Majah, Book of Establishing the Prayer, chapter: Reports Concerning One Who Abandons the Prayer, no. 1079; and others, on the authority of Buraydah ibn al-Husayb.
This hadith was authenticated by al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban, al-Hakim, al-Nawawi, and al-Dhahabi. Hibat Allah al-Tabari said: “It is authentic according to Muslim’s criteria.” See Sharh Usul al-I'tiqad, no. 1518; al-Khulasah, no. 658.
(2) Iqtida al-Sirat al-Mustaqim (1/208).
(3) Narrated by Muslim, Book of Faith, chapter: The Application of the Term Kufr to Impugning Lineage, no. 68.
(4) Its wording is: “There is no share in Islam for one who abandons the prayer.” Narrated by Malik, Book of Purification, chapter: The Practice Concerning One Overcome by Blood from a Wound or Nosebleed, no. 86; Ibn Abi Shaybah in al-Iman, no. 103; and al-Bayhaqi (1/357), through Hisham ibn Urwah, from his father, from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah, from Umar, with this wording.
Abd al-Razzaq also narrated it in his al-Musannaf, no. 579, from Hisham, from his father, who said: Sulayman ibn Yasar narrated to me, from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah, from Umar, with this wording. Its chain is authentic.
Ibn Sad (3/351), al-Ajurri in al-Shari'ah, nos. 271-272, al-Lalaka'i, no. 1528, and al-Tabarani in al-Awsat, no. 8181, also narrated it from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah, from Umar, with this wording. Al-Haythami said: “Its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih.” Al-Majma (1/295).
Al-Lalaka'i, no. 1529, also narrated it from Ibn Abbas, from Umar, with this wording.
For the remaining statements of the Companions and the Successors regarding declaring one who abandons the prayer to be a disbeliever, see Sharh Usul al-I'tiqad (4/906), al-Shari'ah (2/644), al-Musannaf (1/150), and Tazim Qadr al-Salah (2/876-925).