something from them; for example, he says, “My wives are divorced,” while intending to exclude Hind. This is valid, because “my wives” is a general expression, and a general expression may be used with a particular meaning. Thus, a speaker may intend by a general expression a specific individual included within it. Allah says:
“Those to whom people said, ‘Indeed, the people have gathered against you.’” [Āl ʿImrān 3:173]
Were all the people the ones who said this? No. It is said that it was Nuʿaym ibn Masʿūd al-Ashjaʿī, who said to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), “Abū Sufyān has gathered forces against you.” (1) Thus, the one who spoke was a single person, and the one who gathered the forces was a single person, even though “people” is a general term.
The second form is that he mentions an explicit number and mentally excludes one of those counted; for example, he says, “My four wives are divorced,” which is explicit, while intending to exclude Hind. The apparent meaning of the author’s words is that this is valid. However, this is not correct. The correct view is that the exception is invalid, because intention has no effect upon explicit wording.
The second issue is when he makes an exception from the number of divorces. Thus, if he says, “You are divorced three times,” we say: “Your wife has become irrevocably divorced from you.” If he then says, “I intended three except one,” we say: “This is invalid,” because intention has no effect upon explicit wording.
His statement: “If he says, ‘All four of you, except so-and-so, are divorced,’ the exception is valid.” Why did the author mention this when it was already understood from what preceded? He mentioned it to clarify that there is no difference whether the exception comes before or after. Thus, if he says, “All four of you are divorced, except so-and-so,” the exception comes afterward. Likewise, if he places the exception first, this causes no problem: “All four of you, except so-and-so, are divorced” is permissible. Thus, the purpose of this example that he has mentioned is