Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

Section

An exception of one-half or less is valid when made by him. .............................

This section concerns exceptions in divorce.

Linguistically, istithnāʾ (exception) derives from thany (returning). One says thanā, meaning “he returned.” From it also comes the word for “two,” because two is the return of one together with another.

Technically, it means excluding some members of a general expression by means of “except” or one of its equivalents. Or we may say: excluding, by means of “except” or one of its equivalents, something that would otherwise have been included in the statement. Thus, if you say, “The people stood, except Zayd,” then, were it not for this exception, Zayd would have been among those standing. Likewise: “The people stood, other than Zayd”; “The people stood, apart from Zayd”; “The people stood, excluding Zayd”; “The people stood—not Zayd”; and “The people stood; it was not Zayd.” All the particles of exception function like “except.”

An exception has conditions; not every exception is valid. The author mentions the first condition:

“An exception made by him is valid,” meaning: by the husband. Thus, the exception must be made by the speaker himself. If someone other than him makes an exception from the generality of his statement, it is not valid. For example, if a man says, “All women are divorced,” and someone standing beside him says, “Except Fatimah,” she is divorced, because the one making the exception is not the speaker.

His statement, “an exception of one-half or less”: this is the second condition—that what is excluded must be one-half or less. Thus, if he says to his wife, “You are divorced three times, except two,” she is divorced three times, because he excluded more than one-half, so the exception is disregarded. And if he says, “My four wives are divorced, except three,” all of them are divorced, because the exception exceeds one-half and is therefore disregarded.

If someone were to say: This is contradicted by the Noble Quran. Allah, Exalted is He, says, addressing Satan:

فَصْلٌ وَيَصِحُّ مِنْهُ اسْتِثْنَاءُ النِّصْفِ فَأَقَلَّ ............................. هذا الفصل في الاستثناء في الطلاق. الاستثناء: لغة من الثنيا، وهي الرجوع، يقال: ثنا بمعنى رجع، ومنه اثنان؛ لأن اثنين رجوع واحد مع آخر معه. وأما في الاصطلاح: فهو إخراج بعض أفراد العام بإلا أو إحدى أخواتها، أو نقول: إخراج ما لولاه لدخل في الكلام بإلا أو إحدى أخواتها، فإذا قلت: قام القوم إلا زيداً، فلولا هذا الاستثناء لكان زيد قائماً، وقام القوم غير زيد، وقام القوم سوى زيد، وقام القوم حاشا زيداً، وقام القوم لا يكون زيداً، وقام القوم ليس زيداً، فكل أدوات الاستثناء مثل إلا. والاستثناء له شروط، وليس كل استثناء يصح، قال المؤلف في الشرط الأول: «ويصح منه» أي: من الزوج، فيشترط أن يكون الاستثناء من المتكلم نفسه، فلو استثنى غيرُه من عموم كلامه لم يصح، فلو قال شخص: كل النساء طوالق، فقال واحد بجنبه: إلا فاطمة، فإنها تطلق؛ لأن المستثنِي غير المتكلم. قوله:: «استثناء النصف فأقل» هذا هو الشرط الثاني: أن يكون المُستثنَى النصف فأقل، فإذا قال لامرأته: أنت طالق ثلاثاً إلا ثنتين، تطلق ثلاثاً؛ لأنه استثنى أكثر من النصف فيلغى، ولو قال: نسائي الأربع طوالق إلا ثلاثاً يطلقن كلهن؛ لأن الاستثناء أكثر من النصف فيلغى. فإن قال قائل: هذا ينتقض عليكم بالقرآن الكريم، قال الله تعالى مخاطباً الشيطان:

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