Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (13/85)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

His statement, “unless he has intercourse with her, divorces her, or the marriage is annulled”: this refers back to his statement, “She has authority.” As for his statement, “This authority remains deferred,” we do not say, “unless he has intercourse with her.” Rather, we say: it remains deferred unless he stipulates a time limit. If he stipulates a limit, such as by saying, “Your matter is in your hand for this hour,” then she has no authority after that hour. And if he says, “Your matter is in your hand for this day,” she has no authority after that day, because he has set a limit for her. As for the basic ruling of the matter—that is, the phrase, “Your matter is in your hand”—this delegation is revoked by these three matters.

The first is that he has intercourse with her—that is, has marital relations with her—before she chooses anything. In that case, the agency is revoked, because intercourse is an action indicating that he has withdrawn from his previous statement. The reason it indicates this is that, when he said, “Your matter is in your hand,” it was possible for her at that point to divorce herself. If she were to divorce herself three times, would he then be entitled to have intercourse with her or not? He would not. Therefore, when he has intercourse with her without asking whether she has divorced herself or not, it is known that he has withdrawn the delegation. This is like saying to someone, “Take this commodity and sell it,” and then selling it oneself: this is considered a revocation of his agency. Or if I say, “I appoint you as my agent to sell my camel,” and the man leaves, then guests come to me and I slaughter the camel, the agency is revoked. Thus, if he has intercourse with the wife to whom he said, “Your matter is in your hand,” the agency is revoked.

The second is that he divorces her. If he says, “Your matter is in your hand,” but then says, “I fear that she may divorce herself three times,” and so says, “You are divorced once,” she is divorced once. Does she then have the authority to divorce herself? No; she has no authority to do so, whether once, twice, or more, because once he has divorced her, it is known that he has withdrawn his previous delegation. This is therefore a case of revoking agency through an action.

قوله: «ما لم يطأ أو يطلق أو يفسخ» هذا يعود على قوله: «ملكت» أما قوله: «ويتراخى» فلا نقول: ما لم يطأ، نقول: يتراخى ما لم يحد حدّاً، فإن حد حدّاً، بأن قال: أمرك بيدك هذه الساعة، فلا تملكها بعد هذه الساعة، ولو قال: أمرك بيدك هذا اليوم، لا تملكه بعد هذا اليوم؛ لأنه حدد لها، أما أصل المسألة يعني كلمة «أمرك بيدك» فإن هذا التوكيل ينفسخ بهذه الأمور الثلاثة. الأول: أن يطأها، أي: يجامعها قبل أن تختار شيئاً، فإنها تنفسخ الوكالة؛ لأن الوطء تصرُّفٌ يدل على أنه عدل عن كلامه الأول، ووجه دلالته: أنه لما قال: أمرك بيدك كان من الممكن أن تطلق نفسها حينئذٍ، وإذا طلقت نفسها ثلاثاً، فهل يملك جماعها أو لا؟ لا يملك، فلما جامعها بدون أن يسأل: هل طلَّقت أم لم تطلّق؟ علم أنه رجع عن التوكيل، مثل لو قلتُ لشخص: خذ هذه السلعة بعها، ثم بعتُها أنا، فإن هذا يعتبر فسخاً لوكالته، أو قلت: وكلتك أن تبيع بعيري وراح الرجل، وجاءني ضيوف فذبحت البعير فإن الوكالة تنفسخ، إذاً إذا جامع زوجته التي قال لها: أمرك بيدك انفسخت الوكالة. الثاني: أن يطلق، إذا قال: أمرك بيدك، وقال: أخاف أن تطلق نفسها ثلاثاً، فقال: أنت طالق مرة فتطلق مرة، وهل تملك حينئذ أن تطلق نفسها؟ لا تملك، لا مرة ولا مرتين ولا أكثر؛ لأنه لما طلقها علم أنه عدل عن توكيله الأول، فيكون هذا من باب فسخ الوكالة بالفعل.