the reason being that they are objects of an omitted verb; the implied meaning is: Prayer is not binding upon a menstruating woman or a woman experiencing postnatal bleeding—that is, prayer is not obligatory for either of them—on the basis of textual evidence and scholarly consensus. The Prophet ﷺ said regarding a menstruating woman: “Is it not the case that, when she menstruates, she neither prays nor fasts?” (1) By consensus, a woman experiencing postnatal bleeding is in the same ruling as a menstruating woman in this respect. The scholars are unanimously agreed that prayer is not binding upon menstruating women and women experiencing postnatal bleeding, nor are they required to make up the prayers.

And one whose intellect is suspended by sleep must make it up ………

His statement, “And one whose intellect is suspended by sleep must make it up”: In my view, this wording is somewhat imprecise, for the sleeping person has not lost his intellect; rather, his intellect is veiled and his outward awareness is absent.

What is meant is that a sleeping person must make up the prayer. This is established by textual evidence and consensus (2).

As for the textual evidence, it is both verbal and practical. The verbal evidence is the saying of the Prophet ﷺ: “Whoever forgets a prayer or sleeps through it, its expiation is to pray it when he remembers it.” (3)

The practical evidence is that the Prophet ﷺ made up the dawn prayer when he slept through it while travelling (4). For if we were to say that it need not be made up, despite sleep being frequent, it would be abolished