Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

Section

If a woman finds that her husband is emasculated, or that he has only what is insufficient for intercourse, she may annul the marriage. If his impotence is established by his admission, or by testimony to his admission, he is granted a year from the time she brings her case against him. If he has intercourse with her during that period, [the marriage remains]; otherwise, she may annul it. …

This section concerns defects in marriage. You should know that whatever prevents the husband or wife from attaining the purpose of marriage falls into two categories:

The first is the absence of a quality of perfection.

The second is the presence of a deficient quality.

For example, a wife’s good character, or a husband’s good character, generosity, easygoing nature, and the like: the absence of such qualities is the absence of a quality of perfection. It may prevent the woman from attaining her purpose and diminish the happiness of marriage. Whatever involves the absence of a quality of perfection does not give rise to an option, unless that quality was stipulated. But where there is a defective quality, there is an option. Yet what defect gives rise to this option? Is it confined to a specific number of enumerated matters, or is it defined by a general criterion?

The well-known view of the school is that it is confined to a number of specified matters; anything else—even if it would be more repulsive than them—is not considered a defect.

The correct view is that it is governed by a general criterion: whatever people regard as a defect and which prevents marital intimacy, or its full realization. That is, anything whose absence is entailed by the marriage contract as such is, in reality, a defect. Defects in marriage are the same as defects in sales, for each is a deficient quality that conflicts with what the contract itself entails.

According to the school, the defects that establish the right to annulment fall into three categories:

The first is specific to the man.

The second is specific to the woman.

The third is shared by both.

فَصْلٌ وَمَنْ وَجَدَتْ زَوْجَهَا مَجْبُوباً، أَوْ بَقِيَ لَهُ مَا لَا يَطَأُ بِهِ فَلَهَا الفَسْخُ، وَإِنْ ثَبَتَتْ عُنَّتُهُ بِإِقْرَارِهِ، أَوْ بِبَيِّنَةٍ عَلَى إِقْرَارِهِ أُجِّلَ سَنَةً مُنْذُ تُحَاكِمُهُ، فَإِنْ وَطِئَ فِيهَا وَإِلاَّ فَلَهَا الفَسْخُ، ....... هذا الفصل في العيوب في النكاح، واعلم أن ما يفوت به غرض الزوج، أو الزوجة، ينقسم إلى قسمين: أحدهما: فوات صفة كمال. الثاني: وجود صفة نقص. فمثلاً كونها حسنة الخلق، وكون الزوج حسن الخلق، كريماً، سمحاً، وما أشبه ذلك، فهذا فوات صفة كمال، ويفوت به غرض المرأة، وسعادة النكاح، فما كان لفوات صفة كمال فلا خيار فيه ما لم تشترط تلك الصفة، وما كان صفة عيبٍ ففيه الخيار، لكن ما هو العيب الذي فيه الخيار؟ هل هو مخصوص بأشياء معدودة، أو هو مضبوط بضابط محدود؟ المشهور من المذهب أنه محدود بأشياء معدودة، وما سواها ـ ولو كان أولى منها بالنفور ـ فليس بعيب. والصحيح أنه مضبوط بضابط محدود، وهو ما يعده الناس عيباً، يفوت به الاستمتاع أو كماله، يعني ما كان مطلق العقد يقتضي عدمه، فإن هذا هو العيب في الواقع، فالعيوب في النكاح كالعيوب في البيوع سواء؛ لأن كلا منها صفة نقص تخالف مطلق العقد. والعيوب التي يثبت بها الفسخ على المذهب تنقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام: الأول: يختص بالرجل. الثاني: يختص بالمرأة. الثالث: مشترك.

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