until the Day of Resurrection. As far as we are concerned, this period has come to an end, yet they remain forbidden forever.

The second category is those prohibited by blood relationship, which the author mentions in his words:

“[One’s] mother”: that is, the woman who gave birth to a person. Allah, Exalted is He, says:

“Their mothers are none but those who gave birth to them.” [al-Mujadilah 58:2]

His statement, “and every grandmother,” means every grandmother on the father’s side or the mother’s side.

His statement, “however remote,” means all the way back to Eve.

Thus, every female ascendant, beginning with one’s mother and extending without limit, is forbidden to a person in marriage. Here, one should not ask whether she inherits or does not inherit. A grandmother who does not inherit—such as, for example, one’s maternal grandfather’s mother—is nevertheless forbidden in marriage, because the scope of marital prohibition is broader than that of inheritance.

His statement, “and [one’s] daughter, son’s daughter, and the daughters of both of them”: a daughter is one who has issued from a person’s loins, while a son’s daughter is one who has issued from the loins of his son, however remote the line of descent. Likewise, “the daughters of both of them” means one’s daughter’s daughter and one’s son’s daughter’s daughter.

His statement, “whether from lawful or unlawful relations,” refers to lawful relations, such as when a woman whom a man is permitted to have intercourse with gives birth from his semen—for example, a wife or a female slave. The daughter created from his semen is forbidden to him in marriage, and she is the product of lawful intercourse. Likewise, if a master takes his female slave as a concubine and she bears him a daughter, she too is forbidden to him, and she is the product of lawful intercourse.