Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

when the nearer guardian is present and qualified. Thus, if a woman has a paternal uncle and a paternal cousin, and her paternal cousin marries her off while her paternal uncle is present in the town, the marriage is invalid. Likewise, if the judge marries her off, it is invalid; and if her neighbor marries her off, then it is invalid all the more so. But if her nearer guardian—Allah forbid—does not pray, and the more distant guardian marries her off, the marriage is valid, because the nearer guardian is not qualified for guardianship. Whoever does not pray has no guardianship, because he is a disbeliever—Allah forbid.

If he shaves his beard and the more distant guardian marries her off, then according to the madhhab the marriage is invalid, because he is openly sinful. If the nearer guardian smokes, however, but does so secretly, and the more distant guardian marries her off, then the marriage is invalid even according to the madhhab. This is because they stipulate outward uprightness. Therefore, the guardianship of one who does not openly commit sin remains valid, since he is outwardly upright.

Question: Can a husband serve as the guardian?

Yes, he can. Thus, if a paternal cousin wishes to marry his female paternal cousin, and she has no one closer than him, this is permissible. But what should he say at the time of the contract? Should he say, “I give myself my female paternal cousin in marriage,” bring witnesses, and say, “I call you to witness that I have given myself my female paternal cousin in marriage”? Or is something less than this sufficient? The answer is that if he brings witnesses and says, “I call you to witness that I have given myself my female paternal cousin in marriage,” it is valid. He may also say, “I call you to witness that I have married her,” if she is present and they witness her consent.

A comparable case is when a master says to his slave woman: “I have emancipated you and made your emancipation your bridal gift.” This involves neither an offer nor an acceptance, but it suffices in place of both offer and acceptance.

مع وجوده وهو أهل، فهذه امرأة لها عم ولها ابن عم فزوجها ابن عمها مع وجود عمها في البلد فلا يصح النكاح، أو زوجها القاضي لا يصح، ولو زوجها جارها لا يصح من باب أولى، وإذا كان وليها القريب ـ والعياذ بالله ـ لا يصلي، فزوجها البعيد فإنه يصح؛ لأن القريب ليس أهلاً للولاية، فالذي لا يصلي لا ولاية له؛ لأنه كافر، والعياذ بالله. وإذا كان حالق لحية فزوج الأبعد، فعلى المذهب لا يصح التزويج؛ لأن هذا فاسق فسقاً ظاهراً، وإذا كان الولي الأقرب يشرب الدخان، لكن يشربه خفية، فزوج الأبعد، فلا يصح حتى على المذهب؛ وذلك لأنهم يشترطون العدالة ظاهراً، فالذي لا يجاهر بالفسق ولايته ثابتة؛ لأنه عدل ظاهراً. مسألة: هل يصح أن يكون الولي زوجاً؟ نعم يصح، فلو كان ابن عم يريد أن يتزوج بنت عمه، وليس لها أحد أقرب منه جاز، لكن ماذا يقول عند العقد؟ هل يقول: زوجت نفسي بنت عمي، ويُحْضر الشهودَ، ويقول: أشهدكم أني زوجت نفسي بنت عمي؟ أو يكفي دون ذلك؟ الجواب: لو أحضر شهوداً، وقال: أشهدكم أني زوجت نفسي بنت عمي صح، ويجوز أن يقول: أشهدكم أني تزوجتها إذا كانت حاضرة، وشهدوا على رضاها. ونظير هذا السيد يقول لأمته: أعتقتك وجعلت عتقك صداقك، فهذا ليس فيه إيجاب ولا قبول، لكنه يكفي عن الإيجاب والقبول.

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