Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

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The second condition: the consent of both spouses ........

His statement, “The second: their consent,” means that the second condition is the consent of the two spouses. The evidence for this is the Prophet’s statement: “A virgin woman is not to be married until her permission is sought, nor is a previously married woman to be married until her instruction is sought.” They said, “Messenger of Allah, how is her permission—that is, the virgin’s—given?” He said, “By her silence.” (1)

This applies even if it is the father who is giving her in marriage. The evidence is the general wording, “A virgin woman is not to be married,” which makes no exception for the father. There is also a narration in Sahih Muslim (2) specifically concerning the father, in which he said, “The virgin’s father must seek her permission.” Thus, he expressly mentioned both the virgin and the father. Moreover, this contract is among the gravest of contracts.

If a person cannot be compelled to enter into a sales contract, then this applies all the more so to marriage, for it is more serious and weightier. If merchandise proves unsuitable, it is easy enough for you to sell it; marriage, however, is difficult. This shows that no one may compel a girl to marry, even if she is a virgin and even if her father is her guardian. It is unlawful for him to force her, and the marriage contract is invalid.

The Prophet’s statement, “A virgin woman is not to be married”: if someone were to say, “This is not a prohibition; it is a statement,” how should we answer? We say: this statement conveys a prohibition. Know that when a declarative statement occurs in the context of a prohibition, it is more emphatic than a bare prohibition, as though the matter were already settled and known.

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in The Book of Marriage, chapter: “Neither a father nor anyone else may marry off a virgin or a previously married woman without their consent” (5136); and by Muslim in The Book of Marriage, chapter: “A previously married woman’s permission for marriage is sought by her verbal consent, and a virgin’s by her silence” (1419), on the authority of Abu Hurayrah. (2) In The Book of Marriage, chapter: “A previously married woman’s permission for marriage is sought by her verbal consent, and a virgin’s by her silence” (1421) (68), on the authority of Ibn Abbas.
فَصْلٌ الثَّانِي: رِضَاهُمَا ......... قوله: «الثاني: رضاهما»، أي: الشرط الثاني: رضا الزوجين، والدليل على هذا قول النبي ﷺ: «لا تنكح البكر حتى تستأذن، ولا تنكح الأيِّم حتى تستأمر»، قالوا: يا رسول الله وكيف إذنها ـ أي: البكر ـ؟ قال: «أن تصمت» (١)، حتى لو كان الأب هو الذي يزوج، والدليل العموم «لا تنكح البكر» لم يستثن الأب، وهناك رواية في صحيح مسلم (٢) خاصة بالأب حيث قال ﷺ: «والبكر يستأذنها أبوها» فنص على البكر ونص على الأب، ولأن هذا العقد من أخطر العقود. وإذا كان الإنسان لا يمكن أن يجبر في البيع على عقد البيع ففي النكاح من باب أولى؛ لأنه أخطر وأعظم؛ إذ إن البيع إذا لم تصلح لك السلعة سهل عليك بيعها، لكن الزواج مشكل، فدل هذا على أنه لا أحد يجبر البنت على النكاح، ولو كانت بكراً، ولو كان الأب هو الولي، فحرام عليه أن يجبرها ولا يصح العقد. وقول النبي ﵊: «لا تنكح»، لو قال قائل: هذا ليس نهياً، هذا خبر، فما الجواب؟ نقول: هذا الخبر بمعنى النهي، واعلم أن الخبر إذا جاء في موضع النهي فهو أوكد من النهي المجرد، فكأن الأمر يكون مفروغاً منه، ومعلوم
(١) أخرجه البخاري في النكاح/ باب لا ينكح الأب وغيره البكر والثيب إلا برضاهما (٥١٣٦)؛ ومسلم في النكاح/ باب استئذان الثيب في النكاح بالنطق والبكر بالسكوت (١٤١٩) عن أبي هريرة ﵁. (٢) في النكاح/ باب استئذان الثيب في النكاح بالنطق والبكر بالسكوت (١٤٢١) (٦٨) عن ابن عباس ﵄.

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