by direct textual proof; rather, it is so by virtue of his being one of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. Thus, his ruling is to be followed by the Prophet’s command ﷺ.

As for analogy: once the husband has taken his prescribed share, the mother and father are left alone with what remains. When the mother and father alone inherit the entire estate, the mother receives one-third, due to the absence of an inheriting descendant and of siblings. Here, then, the mother and father are alone with what remains after the husband’s prescribed share; so we give her one-third of that which they alone inherit—just as, were they alone with the entire estate, we would give her one-third of the estate. This is therefore a clear analogy. Moreover, the predominant rule in the laws of inheritance is that when a male and a female of the same degree inherit together, the male receives the share of two females.

Thus it becomes clear—praise be to Allah—that these two cases are those adjudicated by Umar (may Allah be pleased with him). For this reason, they are called the Umariyyatayn, in attribution to Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), because they first arose in his time and he ruled concerning them in this manner.

If someone says: The noble verse indicates that when there is neither an inheriting descendant nor a number of siblings, the mother receives one-third, we reply: No, for Allah assigned her one-third only where the two parents inherit from the deceased, as He says:

“But if he has no child and his parents inherit from him...”

This condition must therefore be taken into account. In the two Umariyyatayn cases, the parents inherit from the deceased along with others. Hence, this does not contradict the Quran, and Umar’s ruling (may Allah be pleased with him) is the truth indicated by the sunnah and by the implication of the Quran.