change as a result of their drinking from it, there is no harm in it, and it remains pure and purifying. But if it is a small amount and changes because of their drinking from it, then it is impure.

Ibn Qudāmah, may Allah have mercy on him, said: “The donkey and the mule are pure (1), because the Muslim community rides them, and riding them cannot be free of perspiration or falling rain. One’s clothes or body may be damp, yet the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not command his community to take precautions against this.” This is the correct view.

Accordingly, their leftover water, perspiration, saliva, and nasal discharge are pure. This supports what we previously mentioned regarding Abu Qatādah’s hadith about the cat (2). For the donkey is undoubtedly among the animals that frequently move about among us—especially for those accustomed to riding donkeys—and avoiding contact with them is exceedingly difficult.

If it is said: Dogs likewise frequently move about among those permitted to keep them, such as the owner of crops, livestock, or hunting animals?

The answer is that there is a specific text concerning dogs which excludes them: the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “When a dog laps …,” the hadith (3).

This indicates that a dog’s leftover water is impure, even if it is among the animals that frequently move about among people