Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (11/182)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

added to the base calculation—though in reality he receives one-ninth. This is because the wife’s share is one-eighth—one out of eight—and the base calculation is eight. Add one to it, and it becomes nine. Thus, the beneficiary receives one-ninth, while the wife receives one-eighth, namely one share; but, because of the bequest, it has become one-ninth, and the remainder goes to the son.

If there is also a daughter among them, he receives two-ninths. If he bequeaths an amount equal to the share of one of his heirs without specifying which one, he receives the equivalent of the share of the heir with the smallest share. Thus, with a son and daughter, he receives one-quarter; with a wife and son, one-ninth. If he bequeaths a share of his estate, the beneficiary receives one-sixth. If he bequeaths an unspecified thing, a portion, or a share, the heir gives him whatever he wishes.

His statement, “If there is also a daughter among them, he receives two-ninths,” means that if there are three sons and a daughter, the beneficiary receives two-ninths. This is because each of the three sons receives two shares, making six, while the daughter receives one share, making seven. Add to the base calculation the equivalent of one son’s share, and it becomes nine; thus, he receives two-ninths.

His statement, “If he bequeaths an amount equal to the share of one of his heirs without specifying which one, he receives the equivalent of the share of the heir with the smallest share,” means, for example, that he says: “I bequeath to so-and-so an amount equal to the share of one of my heirs,” without specifying who that heir is. In that case, he receives the equivalent of the smallest share among them.

His statement, “Thus, with a son and daughter, he receives one-quarter,” is the first example. If he has a son and a daughter and bequeaths to someone an amount equal to the share of one of his heirs without specifying which one, we say: the base calculation for the son and daughter is three; the son receives two shares and the daughter one. Add to the three the equivalent of the daughter’s share, and it becomes four. Thus, the beneficiary receives one-quarter.

His statement, “With a wife and son, one-ninth,” is the second example. If he says: “I bequeath to so-and-so an amount equal to the share of one of the heirs,” and his heirs are a wife and son, the wife receives one-eighth and the son receives the remainder. Add one eighth-share to the eight, and it becomes nine. Thus, the beneficiary receives one-ninth.

مضموماً إلى المسألة وهو تسع في الحقيقة! لأن نصيب الزوجة الثمن ـ واحد من ثمانية ـ والمسألة من ثمانية أضف إليها واحداً تكن تسعة، فيكون للموصى له التسع، وللزوجة الثمن واحد، لكنه بسبب الوصية أصبح تسعاً، والباقي للابن. وَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُمْ بِنْتٌ فَلَهُ التُّسْعَانِ، وَإِنْ وَصَّى لَهُ بِمِثْلِ نَصِيبِ أَحَدِ وَرَثَتِهِ وَلَمْ يُبَيِّنْ كَانَ لَهُ مِثْلُ مَا لأَقَلِّهِمْ نَصِيباً، فَمَعَ ابْنٍ وَبِنْتٍ رُبُعٌ وَمَعَ زَوْجَةٍ وَابْنٍ تُسْعٌ وَبِسَهْمٍ مِنْ مَالِهِ فَلَهُ سُدُسٌ، وَبِشَيْءٍ أَوْ جُزْءٍ أَوْ حَظٍّ أَعْطَاهُ الوَارِثُ مَا شَاءَ. قوله: «وإن كان معهم بنت فله التسعان» أي: إذا كانوا ثلاثة أبناء معهم بنت فله التسعان؛ لأن الثلاثة لكل واحد سهمان فيكون ستة، والبنت سهم فيكون سبعة، أضف إلى المسألة مثل نصيب أحد الأبناء فتكون تسعة، فيكون له التسعان. قوله: «وإن وصى له بمثل نصيب أحد ورثته ولم يبين كان له مثل ما لأقلهم نصيباً» مثال ذلك: قال أوصيت لفلان بمثل نصيب وارث من ورثتي، ولم يبين مَنْ هو، فله مثل ما لأقلهم نصيباً. قوله: «فمع ابن وبنت ربع» هذا المثال الأول. له ابن وبنت وأوصى له بمثل نصيب أحد ورثته ولم يبين، فنقول: الابن والبنت مسألتهما من ثلاثة، للابن اثنان، وللبنت واحد، أضف إلى الثلاثة مثل نصيب البنت تكن أربعة، إذاً للموصى له الربع. قوله: «ومع زوجة وابن تُسع» هذا المثال الثاني: إذا قال: أوصيت لفلان بمثل نصيب أحد الورثة، وورثته زوجة وابن، فالزوجة لها الثمن، والابن له الباقي، أضف الثمن واحداً إلى الثمانية تكن تسعة، إذاً فللموصى له التسع.