A bequest of a fetus and a bequest to a fetus differ: a bequest of a fetus means that the fetus itself is the subject of the bequest, whereas a bequest to a fetus means that the fetus is the beneficiary—that is, the one who is granted the bequest. Thus, a bequest of a fetus, or to a fetus, is valid on condition that the fetus existed at the time of the bequest.
It is therefore permissible for someone to bequeath a fetus, saying, for example, “I bequeath the fetus of this ewe to so-and-so,” intending the fetus presently in her womb, not a future fetus. If she is examined and no fetus is found in her womb, the bequest is invalid, because it did not exist at the time of death. Even if a fetus is found after death, the bequest is invalid, because it came into existence only after the bequest.
But if he says, “I bequeath whatever this she-camel may bear to so-and-so,” the bequest is valid, because the fetus has not been specified here; it is as though he had bequeathed the offspring of this she-camel. This differs from the first case, in which he specified a fetus by saying, “the fetus.” If there is no fetus, the subject matter of the bequest is absent; and when its subject matter is absent, the bequest itself is invalid.
A bequest to a fetus means, for example, that he bequeaths something to the fetus of a particular woman—that is, the fetus in her womb. If the fetus existed at the time of the bequest, the bequest is valid, but it does not acquire ownership unless it is born alive and cries out, just as in the case of inheritance. If it did not exist, the bequest is invalid. When can we be certain that it existed? We can be certain if the woman gives birth less than six months after the bequest and the child survives. We then know that it existed at the time of the bequest, because the shortest gestational period in which a child may survive is six months. The proof for this is derived from two verses. The first is His saying, Exalted is He:
“His bearing and weaning take thirty months.” [al-Ahqaf 46:15]
For thirty months equals two and a half years.