Likewise, if he establishes an endowment for a particular Jew, it is valid, because it is for a specified individual.
If he establishes an endowment for a particular Christian, it is likewise valid, because this is among the acts of kindness that we have not been prohibited from showing him. An endowment is an act of kindness, and there is no prohibition involved. Thus, the endower has not committed anything Allah has forbidden, nor can it be said of him that he has done a deed not sanctioned by Allah and His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, for Allah has permitted this.
But if he establishes an endowment for a missionary calling to Christianity, it is invalid, because this amounts to encouraging the man in his falsehood. More evidently still, it is invalid to establish an endowment for churches, monasteries, synagogues, and the like.
The same applies to a bequest and to an endowment made for oneself, …
His statement, “The same applies to a bequest,” means that a bequest to a general category is not valid unless it is for a charitable purpose. But if it is for a specific beneficiary, such as a particular person, there is no objection if it is not for a charitable purpose; yet it may not be for a sinful purpose.
The difference between a bequest and an endowment is as follows:
First: an endowment is an immediately effective contract. Thus, if a man says, “I have made my house an endowment,” or, “I have made my car an endowment,” or, “I have made my books an endowment,” it becomes an endowment immediately.
A bequest, however, takes effect after death. For example, he may say, “I bequeath my house to the poor.”
Second: an endowment takes effect from one’s entire estate. Thus, if he endows all his wealth, it takes effect, unless he does so during a terminal illness.
A bequest, however, may only be made for one-third or less, and to someone who is not an heir. Anything beyond that, or any bequest made to an heir, requires the heirs’ approval.
Thus, if he says, “I bequeath my house to so-and-so,” then dies, and we determine his estate