Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

to establish an endowment or emancipate a slave, nor may he give charity. According to the madhhab, however, this is permissible unless a judge has placed him under interdiction; in that case, his voluntary donation is not valid.

It is even more emphatically stipulated that he be legally competent to dispose of his property. Thus, if he is an adult and sane but is legally incompetent due to prodigality and does not manage his wealth properly, his endowment is not valid, because he is not legally competent to dispose of property. If he is not permitted to sell his wealth, then it is all the more so impermissible for him to donate it.

As for the conditions of an endowment, he said:

“It is stipulated that it provide a perpetual benefit from a specified asset whose benefit may be derived while its corpus remains, such as real estate, an animal, and the like.”

His statement, “It is stipulated that it provide a benefit,” means that an endowment has conditions. First, it must contain a benefit. As for that in which there is no benefit, it cannot validly be made an endowment, just as it cannot validly be sold. What benefit could the beneficiary of an endowment derive from something that has no benefit? For example, if one endows an aged donkey, this has no benefit, since it can neither be ridden nor used to carry loads; rather, it merely entails the expense of its maintenance. Such an endowment is not valid because it contains no benefit.

His statement, “perpetual,” means likewise that the benefit must be perpetual. If a specified asset has only a temporary benefit, it cannot validly be made an endowment.

For example, a man leases a house for ten years, then makes that house an endowment for someone. The endowment in this case is not valid, because the benefit is not perpetual; it lasts only for the duration of the lease. Moreover, in a lease the lessee owns only the benefit, not the asset itself.

Is it valid to endow a slave who has been sentenced to imprisonment and then execution after, for example, one month, or is it not valid?

The answer is that it is valid, because his benefit is the right of patronage: if the beneficiary of the endowment emancipates him—and we deem that emancipation valid—then the right of patronage belongs to him.

الوقف والعتق ولا يجوز له أن يتصدق، أما المذهب فيجوز إلا إذا حُجر عليه من قبل القاضي، فإنه لا يصح أن يتبرع. ويشترط أن يكون جائز التصرف من باب أولى، فلو كان بالغاً عاقلاً لكنه سفيه لا يحسن التصرف في ماله فإنه لا يصح وقفه؛ لأنه ليس جائز التصرف، فإن كان لا يصح أن يبيع ماله فتبرعه به من باب أولى ألا يجوز، وأما شروط الوقف فقال: وَيُشْتَرَطُ فِيهِ المَنْفَعَةُ دَائِماً مِنْ مُعَيَّنٍ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهِ مَعَ بَقَاءِ عَيْنِهِ كَعَقَارٍ وَحَيَوَانٍ وَنَحْوِهِمَا، «ويشترط فيه المنفعة»، يعني يشترط للوقف شروط: أولاً: أن يكون فيه منفعة، فأما ما لا منفعة فيه فإنه لا يصح وقفه كما لا يصح بيعه، وأي شيء يستفيد الموقوف عليه من شيء لا منفعة فيه؟! كما لو أوقف حماراً هرماً، فهذا لا منفعة فيه؛ لأنه لا يركب ولا يحمل عليه، وإنما يؤذي بنفقته، فهذا لا يصح فيه الوقف؛ لأنه ليس فيه منفعة. قوله: «دائماً»، كذلك ـ أيضاً ـ لا بد أن تكون المنفعة دائمة، فإن كان من معيَّن فيه منفعة مؤقتة فإنه لا يصح وقفه. مثال ذلك: رجل استأجر بيتاً لمدة عشر سنوات، ثم أوقف هذا البيت على شخص، فالوقف هنا لا يصح؛ لأن المنفعة غير دائمة، المنفعة مدة الإجارة فقط، ولأنه في الإجارة لا يملك المستأجر إلا المنفعة ولا يملك العين. وهل يصح وقف عَبْدٍ حُكِمَ عليه بالسجن، ثم القتل بعد شهر مثلاً، أو لا يصح؟ الجواب: يصح؛ لأن منفعته الولاء؛ لأنه إذا أوقفه ثم أعتقه الموقوف عليه، وقلنا بصحته فله الولاء.

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