Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (10/254)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

for it is his right, and rights cannot be taken from their owners against their will.

The right of pre-emption is shared by two in proportion to their respective shares. If one of them waives it, the other must either take the whole of it or leave it. If two people purchase a single share, or the reverse, or if one person purchases two portions from two plots of land in a single transaction, the pre-emptor may take one of them …

His statement, “The right of pre-emption is shared by two in proportion to their respective shares. If one of them waives it, the other must either take the whole of it or leave it”: pre-emption being shared by two entails that there are three partners. It is apportioned according to their respective shares, not according to the number of persons.

For example, a plot of land is owned by three partners: one owns a half, the second a third, and the third a sixth. Their shares therefore total six: the owner of the half has three, the owner of the third has two, and the owner of the sixth has one. If one of them sells, the right of pre-emption belongs to his two partners.

Let us begin with the largest share, that of the owner of the half. If the owner of the half sells his share, which is three, the calculation is reduced to three, and ownership is then divided into thirds between the owner of the third and the owner of the sixth. If the owner of the third sells—and the third is two—four remain, and ownership is then divided into fourths between the owner of the half and the owner of the sixth. If the owner of the sixth sells, five remain, and ownership is then divided into fifths between the owner of the half and the owner of the third: the owner of the half has three, and the owner of the third has two.

If one of the two waives his right, we say to the other: either take all of it or leave all of it. Suppose that the owner of the half is the one who sold, leaving the half subject to pre-emption. If the owner of the sixth says, “I do not want the right of pre-emption; my share in this land is enough for me,” then we say to the owner of the third: either take all three shares, which constitute the half, in which case the owner of the third will have five and the owner of the sixth one; or, if he says, “I cannot afford it,” we say: then the right of pre-emption is forfeited.

فلأنها حقه، ولا يمكن أن تؤخذ الحقوق من أصحابها كرهاً. وَالشُّفْعَةُ لاثْنَيْنِ بِقَدْرِ حَقَّيْهِمَا، فَإِنْ عَفَا أَحَدُهُمَا أَخَذَ الآخَرُ الكُلَّ أَوْ تَرَكَ. وَإِنِ اشْتَرَى اثْنَانِ حَقَّ وَاحِدٍ، أَوْ عَكْسُهُ، أَوْ اشْتَرَى وَاحِدٌ شِقْصَيْنِ مِنْ أَرْضَيْنِ صَفْقَةً وَاحِدَةً فَلِلشَّفِيعِ أَخْذُ أَحَدِهِمَا ....... قوله: «والشفعة لاثنين بقدر حقَّيهما فإن عفا أحدهما أخذ الآخر الكل أو ترك» الشفعة لاثنين تستلزم أن يكون الشركاء ثلاثة، فتكون بقدر حقيقها لا بقدر الرؤوس، مثال ذلك: قطعة من الأرض بين ثلاثة شركاء، أحدهم له النصف، والثاني له الثلث، والثالث له السدس، فتكون مسألتهم من ستة، لصاحب النصف ثلاثة، ولصاحب الثلث اثنان، ولصاحب السدس واحد، فإذا باع أحدهم صارت الشفعة لشريكيه. فلنبدأ أولاً بالأكبر وهو صاحب النصف فإذا باع صاحب النصف نصيبه وهو ثلاثة رجعت إلى ثلاثة، فيكون الملك الآن أثلاثاً بين صاحب الثلث وصاحب السدس، وإذا باع صاحب الثلث، والثلث اثنان فيبقى أربعة، فيعود الملك أرباعاً بين صاحب النصف وصاحب السدس، وإذا باع صاحب السدس فيبقى خمسة، فيعود الملك الآن بين صاحب النصف والثلث أخماساً، لصاحب النصف ثلاثة، ولصاحب الثلث اثنان. فإذا عفا أحدهما فنقول للثاني: إما أن تأخذ الجميع وإما أن تترك الجميع، ولنفرض أن الذي باع صاحب النصف فيبقى النصف، فإذا قال صاحب السدس: أنا لا أريد الشفعة ويكفيني نصيبي من هذه الأرض، فنقول لصاحب الثلث: إما أن تأخذ كل الثلاثة التي هي النصف ويكون لصاحب الثلث خمسة، ولصاحب السدس واحد، فإذا قال: ما أتحمل، قلنا: إذاً سقطت الشفعة.