Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

But if news reaches him while he is away, then, if he does not have witnesses testify that he is exercising his right of pre-emption, his right of pre-emption is forfeited. Thus, if he receives news that his co-owner has sold while he is in a distant place, he should have two men, or one man and two women, testify that he is exercising his right of pre-emption.

His statement, “immediately,” may prompt someone to say: Requiring him to make the claim immediately causes hardship, for the claimant may say, “Give me time to consider the matter. Give me time to see whether I can obtain the price or not.” We reply: No, you are not granted any time—even though pre-emption is one of his rights, which cannot be forfeited except by something indicating his consent. Yet they maintain that it must be exercised immediately, and that if he does not make the claim immediately, it is forfeited. Their evidence is the hadith: “Pre-emption belongs to the one who promptly asserts it” (1), and: “Pre-emption is like untying a camel’s hobble” (2)—that is, the hobble of a camel—meaning that it must be done swiftly.

However, both hadiths are weak and cannot be used as evidence; nor can they be used to deprive a Muslim of his right. Thus, they cannot be relied upon. If they cannot be relied upon, we return to the basic principle: whoever has an established right does not forfeit it except by something indicating his consent, because this is a right established by the Sacred Law. “The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, decreed pre-emption in everything that has not been divided.” This is a Prophetic decree, and it cannot be forfeited except by something indicating consent.

(1) Al-Hafiz stated in al-Dirayah (2:203): “I did not find it; rather, Abd al-Razzaq only mentioned it as a statement of Shurayh.” See Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq (14406). (2) Ibn Majah narrated it in the section on pre-emption, under the chapter “Claiming Pre-emption” (2500), on the authority of Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him. Al-Hafiz stated in al-Talkhis (1278): “Its chain of transmission is very weak.”
أما إذا جاءه وهو غائب فإنه إن لم يشهد على الأخذ بالشفعة سقطت شفعته، وعلى هذا إذا جاءه الخبر بأن شريكه قد باع وهو في مكان بعيد فإنه يشهد رجلين، أو رجلاً وامرأتين على أنه آخذ بالشفعة. وقوله: «على الفور» قد يقول قائل: إن إلزامنا إياه أن تكون المطالبة على الفور فيه مشقة؛ لأن الشفيع ربما يقول: أعطوني مهلة أفكر في الأمر، أعطوني مهلة أنظر هل أحصِّل الثمن أو لا أحصِّله؟ فنقول: لا، لا مهلة لك، مع أن الشفعة حق من حقوقه لا يمكن أن يسقط إلا بما يدل على رضاه، لكنهم يقولون: إنها على الفور، وإن لم يطالب على الفور سقطت، والدليل حديث: «الشفعة لمن واثبها» (١) و «الشفعة كحل العقال» (٢) أي: عقال البعير، يعني لا بد أن تكون بسرعة، لكن الحديثين ضعيفان لا يُحتج بهما ولا يمكن أن يتوصل بهما إلى إسقاط حق المسلم فلا اعتماد عليهما، وإذا لم يكن عليهما اعتماد رجعنا إلى الأصل، والأصل أن كل من ثبت له حق فإنه لا يسقط إلا بما يدل على رضاه؛ لأن هذا حق شرعي: «قضى النبي ﷺ بالشفعة في كل ما لم يقسم» فهذا قضاء نبوي لا يمكن أن يسقط إلا بما يدل على الرضا.
(١) قال الحافظ في الدراية (٢/ ٢٠٣): «لم أجده، وإنما ذكره عبد الرزاق من قول شريح». انظر: مصنف عبد الرزاق (١٤٤٠٦). (٢) أخرجه ابن ماجه في الشفعة/ باب طلب الشفعة (٢٥٠٠) عن ابن عمر ﵄ قال الحافظ في التلخيص (١٢٧٨): «إسناده ضعيف جداً».

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