Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

If the term has not yet begun, he owes nothing; rather, he must return the property itself to its owner. But if part of the term has passed, he must return it to its owner and pay, in proportion to the period for which he used it, the customary rent.

His statement, “under an invalid lease,” means that a lease becomes invalid either through the absence of a condition or the presence of an impediment.

An example of the absence of a condition is when a man leases from someone a free person to work for him. It is known that leasing out a free person is not permissible, as stated in the authentic hadith: “A man who sells a free person and consumes his price” (1). Likewise, if he leases him out and consumes his wages, that is not lawful. Thus, for example, someone says to another: “Do you need a worker?” He replies: “Yes.” The first says: “This is my servant; take him for one month at one hundred riyals,” even though he is free. The lease here is invalid, because one cannot enter into a lease contract concerning a free person. One of the conditions of a lease is that the lessor own the leased property.

The lessee then takes this servant and employs him until the term ends. The author says that he—that is, the lessee—must pay the customary rent, because the lease contract was invalid, and what is invalid is treated as nonexistent. But how can the author say, “the customary rent,” when he is free and cannot validly be leased? We say: he is hypothetically regarded as though he were a slave—that is, an owned servant. It is then asked: “What would be the wage of this slave?” They say, for example: “His wage is two hundred riyals,” whereas he had been leased for one hundred riyals. We say: “Pay two hundred riyals,” because the stipulated wage is invalid. This applies when the lessee knows that this

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Buyu' (Sales), the chapter “The Sin of One Who Sells a Free Person” (2227), on the authority of Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him. Its wording is: “The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: Allah Most High says: ‘There are three whose opponent I will be on the Day of Resurrection: a man who makes a covenant in My name and then betrays it; a man who sells a free person and consumes his price; and a man who hires a laborer, receives his full work from him, and does not pay him his wages.’”
فإن لم تبتدئ المدة لم يلزمه شيء ولزمه رد العين إلى صاحبها، فإن مضى شيء من المدة لزم ردها إلى صاحبها، وأجرة ما استعملها فيه بقسطها من أجرة المثل. وقوله: «بإجارة فاسدة» تفسد الإجارة إما بفوات شرط أو وجود مانع. مثال فوات الشرط: رجل استأجر من شخصٍ حرّاً ليعمل عنده، ومعلوم أن تأجير الحر لا يجوز، كما جاء في الحديث الصحيح: «رجل باع حرّاً فأكل ثمنه» (١) فكذلك لو أجره فأكل أجرته فإنه لا يحل، فهذا إنسان ـ مثلاً ـ قال لشخص: أنت تريد عاملاً عندك؟ قال: نعم قال: هذا غلامي، خذه، الشهر بمائة ريال، وهو حر، فالإجارة هنا فاسدة؛ لأنه لا يصح عقد الإجارة على الحر؛ لأن من شرط الإجارة أن يكون المؤجر مالكاً للعين المؤجرة، فأخذ المستأجر الغلام واستعمله حتى تمت المدة، يقول المؤلف: إنه يلزمه ـ أي المستأجر ـ أجرة المثل؛ وذلك لأن عقد الإجارة كان فاسداً، والفاسد وجوده كالعدم، ولكن كيف يقول المؤلف: «أجرة المثل» وهو حر لا يصح تأجيره؟ نقول: يُقدر كأنه قن ـ أي: عبد ـ فيقال: كم أجرة هذا العبد؟ قالوا: أجرته ـ مثلاً ـ مائتا ريال، وهو قد استأجره بمائة ريال، نقول: سلِّم مائتي ريال؛ لأن الأجرة فاسدة، وهذا فيما إذا كان المستأجر عالماً بأن هذا
(١) أخرجه البخاري في البيوع/ باب إثم من باع حراً (٢٢٢٧) عن أبي هريرة ﵁، ولفظه: «أن النبي ﷺ قال: قال الله تعالى: ثلاثة أنا خصمهم يوم القيامة، رجل أعطي بي ثم غدر، ورجل باع حراً فأكل ثمنه ورجل استأجر أجيراً فاستوفى منه ولم يعطه أجره».

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