Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

he may purchase merchandise that consumes all the profit, thus losing both his labour and his capital. Yet it is still permissible. If someone says, “Muḍārabah (profit-sharing investment) also runs contrary to analogy,”

we reply: What analogy do you mean? What is prohibited is for one of the partners to bear the loss while the other takes the gain. But when they share both gain and loss, this accords with analogy. The fact that the worker’s outcome is subject to chance does not mean that it runs contrary to analogy, for everyone who works in this world is subject to chance—even the owner of the capital is subject to chance. Therefore, because it entails benefit and follows the normal course of life, it accords with analogy.

A sharecropping contract is valid concerning trees that bear edible fruit, concerning fruit already present, and concerning trees which the worker plants and tends until they bear fruit, in return for a share of the fruit—provided that the share is known and undivided …

His statement, “It is valid”: the subject is the sharecropping contract.

His statement, “concerning trees,” means that the contract is made concerning trees.

His statement, “that bear edible fruit”: the author stipulates that the trees must bear fruit, and that the fruit must be edible.

Examples include date palms, for they are trees that bear edible fruit, as do grapevines, orange trees, and apple trees.

As for alfalfa, for example, it is not a tree, because a tree is something that has a trunk, whereas alfalfa has no trunk. Nevertheless, the jurists’ definition of a tree as that which has a trunk is open to question, because Allah, Most High, affirms stalks for cultivated plants, saying:

“Like a seed that puts forth its shoot, then strengthens it, so it grows firm and stands upon its stalks.” [Al-Fath: 29]

What matters is that cultivated crops do not fall under this category, because they are not trees.

His statement, “that bear fruit,” excludes trees that bear no fruit, such as the cypress—a strong, large, tall tree from which doors are made, but which bears no fruit. Concerning it, the poet says:

يشتري سلعة تجحف بجميع الربح، فهذا خسر البدن والمال، ومع ذلك فهي جائزة، فإذا قال: والمضاربة على خلاف القياس أيضاً. فنقول: ما هو القياس الذي تعنيه؟ الممنوع أن يكون أحد المتشاركين غارماً والثاني غانماً، أما إذا اشتركا في المغنم والمغرم فإن هذا على وفق القياس، وكون العامل تحت الحظ لا يعني خلاف القياس؛ لأن كل إنسان يعمل في الدنيا فهو تحت الحظ حتى صاحب المال تحت الحظ، ولذلك فهي لما تتضمنه من المصلحة ولكونها جارية على سنن الحياة على وفق القياس. تَصِحُّ عَلَى شَجَرٍ لَهُ ثَمَرٌ يُؤْكَلُ وَعَلَى ثَمرَةٍ مَوْجُودَةٍ وَعَلَى شَجَرٍ يغْرِسُهُ وَيَعْمَلُ علَيْهِ حتى يُثْمِرَ بِجُزْءٍ مِنَ الثَّمَرَةِ ويَشْتَرطُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الجُزْءُ مَعْلُومَاً مُشَاعَاً ......... قوله: «تصح» الفاعل المساقاة. قوله: «على شجر» أي: أن يعقد على شجر. قوله: «له ثمر يؤكل» فاشترط المؤلف في الشجر أن يكون له ثمر، واشترط في الثمر أن يكون مأكولاً. مثاله: النخل، فالنخل شجر له ثمر يؤكل، وكذلك العنب، والبرتقال، والتفاح. أما البرسيم ـ مثلاً ـ فليس بشجر؛ لأن الشجر ما له ساق، والبرسيم ليس له ساق، مع أن كلام الفقهاء في أن الشجر ما له ساق، فيه نظر، لأن الله تعالى أثبت الساق للزرع، فقال الله ـ تعالى ـ ﴿كَزَرْعٍ أَخْرَجَ شَطْأَهُ فَآزَرَهُ فَاسْتَغْلَظَ فَاسْتَوَى عَلَى سُوقِهِ﴾ [الفتح: ٢٩]، المهم أن الزرع لا يدخل في هذا؛ لأنه ليس شجراً. وقوله: «له ثمر» احترازاً مما لا ثمر له، كشجر السَّرْوِ، وهو شجر قوي كبير يرتفع، تتخذ منه الأبواب لكن ليس له ثمر، وفيه يقول الشاعر:

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