the drinker of wine eighty lashes. Umar approved this, and Umar has an established sunnah that is to be followed; therefore, it must neither be increased nor decreased. They called this a fixed prescribed punishment. However, whoever reflects on the texts reported concerning it will recognize that it is not a fixed prescribed punishment, but rather a discretionary punishment that must not be reduced below forty lashes. For had it been a fixed prescribed punishment, neither Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, nor anyone else could have increased it. Thus, if fornication were to become widespread among the people—may Allah protect us—could we increase the punishment beyond one hundred lashes?
The answer is: no, this cannot be done, even if fornication becomes widespread. Therefore, the fact that the Commander of the Faithful, Umar, along with the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, increased it demonstrates that the purpose is discretionary punishment that deters people from this vile act.
Another proof is the statement of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, may Allah be pleased with him: “The lightest of the prescribed punishments is eighty” (1). The Companions approved of this. Thus, there is no fixed prescribed punishment set at forty lashes. This appears to amount to a consensus, for Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, did not say, “I will not increase it because it is a fixed prescribed punishment.” The correct view, then, is that it is a discretionary punishment. Accordingly, if drinking wine becomes widespread among the people, the ruler may increase the punishment beyond eighty, whether in number, type, or manner. Even if he considers imposing upon the wine drinker a discretionary punishment other than this, there is no objection, provided that he does not sever any of his limbs, for the human body is inviolable and no amputation is involved—except in the case of the thief and highway robbers.
Some scholars hold that apostasy is among the fixed prescribed punishments, and they state this in their writings. But this is incorrect, for if an apostate repents, even