anyone else except after consulting the principal. Thus, if he says, “Give it to so-and-so,” the agent cannot give it to anyone else without the principal’s permission, for the agent’s authority is restricted to the matter for which he was appointed.
But suppose that the owner of the wealth says, “Give my zakah to so-and-so,” knowing that this person is not entitled to it, but the agent only learns this after the principal has left him. For if the principal himself knew that he was not eligible, he would immediately tell him, “He is not entitled to it.” The agent must state that he is not eligible, because some poor, uninformed people say, “Do not cut off his livelihood.” Thus, they tell you, “Give my zakah to so-and-so,” and expect you to give it to him whether or not he is entitled to it. This is mistaken, a breach of trust, and impermissible.
If you know that he is not entitled to it, say, “My brother, this person is not entitled to it.” If he says, “Give it to him even if he is not entitled,” then say, “No, for if I did so, I would be helping you in sin by placing the zakah where it does not belong.” But if I only learn this after the principal has left me—for example, he gives me one hundred riyals and says, “Take this zakah and give it to so-and-so,” and after he leaves, I learn that so-and-so is not entitled to it—then I should withhold it until I consult him and say, “So-and-so is not entitled to it.” If he says, “Give it to him even though he is not entitled,” I say, “No, I will not help you in sin.”
However, if he says, “Give it to him as a voluntary charity,” then this is valid, and he may give it to him.
Thus, appointing an agent to receive and distribute zakah is permissible for both the incapable and the capable, because this is established by the sunnah and because, in reality, it involves the right of a third party: the eligible recipient. Whenever it reaches one entitled to receive it, by whatever means, it has been put in its proper place.
Third: With regard to fasting, may a person appoint someone to fast on his behalf?