Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (9/334)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

“until they pay the jizyah out of hand, in a state of submission.” [al-Tawbah: 29] Therefore, when he brings it, he must hand it over “out of hand,” meaning directly from his own hand; or “out of hand” may mean by virtue of our power over him, while he is also in a state of submission. We ask Allah Most High to restore to the Muslims this glory which they have lost through their loss of so much of their religion.

His statement, “and in every right among acts of worship in which deputization is admissible,” means that agency is valid in every right owed to Allah in which deputization is admissible.

Rights owed to Allah fall into three categories: a category in which agency is unrestrictedly valid; a category in which it is never valid; and a category concerning which there is further detail.

The first category is all financial acts of worship, in which deputization is admissible, such as distributing zakah, charity, and expiation.

The second category is bodily acts of worship, in which agency is not valid, such as prayer, fasting, ablution, dry ablution, and the like. These are bodily acts of worship connected to a person’s own body, so deputization cannot apply to them. However, if you appoint someone to seek a fatwa on your behalf, there is nothing wrong with this, because it is merely the transmission of knowledge, intended only to convey information. For this reason, the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, would appoint one another to ask the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, for a fatwa. (1)

If it is said: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Whoever dies while owing fasts, his guardian should fast on his behalf.” (2) This indicates that bodily acts of worship may be performed by proxy. The answer is that this

(1) One example is Ali's deputing al-Miqdad, may Allah be pleased with him, to ask the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, about the ruling on madhy (pre-seminal fluid). It was narrated by al-Bukhari in The Book of Knowledge, chapter: “One Who Is Too Shy and Therefore Instructs Another to Ask” (132), and by Muslim in The Book of Purification, chapter: “Madhy” (303), on the authority of Ali. (2) Narrated by al-Bukhari in The Book of Fasting, chapter: “One Who Dies While Owing Fasts” (1952), and by Muslim in The Book of Fasting, chapter: “Making Up Fasts on Behalf of the Deceased” (1147), on the authority of Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her.

يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ [التوبة: ٢٩]، ولهذا إذا جاء بها لا بد أن يسلمها «عن يد» يعني من يده، أو «عن يد» أي: عن قوةٍ مِنَّا عليه، وهو ـ أيضاً ـ صاغر، ونسأل الله ـ تعالى ـ أن يعيد للمسلمين هذا المجد الذي فقدوه بفقدهم كثيراً من دينهم. قوله: «وفي كل حق تدخله النيابة من العبادات» أي: وتصح الوكالة في كل حق لله تدخله النيابة. حق الله ينقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام: قسم يدخله التوكيل مطلقاً، وقسم لا يدخله مطلقاً، وقسم فيه تفصيل. القسم الأول: كل العبادات المالية تدخلها النيابة، كتفريق زكاة وصدقة وكفارة. القسم الثاني: العبادات البدنية لا تصح فيها الوكالة، مثل الصلاة والصيام والوضوء والتيمم وما أشبهها، فهذه عبادة بدنية تتعلق ببدن الإنسان فلا يمكن أن تدخلها النيابة، ولكن لو وكلت شخصاً يستفتي عني فهذا لا بأس به؛ لأن هذا نقل علم يقصد به الإخبار فقط؛ ولذلك كان الصحابة ﵃ يوكل بعضهم بعضاً في استفتاء النبي ﷺ (١)، فإن قيل: يرد على هذا قول النبي ﷺ: «من مات وعليه صيام صام عنه وليه» (٢)، فهذا يدل على أن العبادة البدنية يكون فيها نيابة، فالجواب: أن هذا

(١) من ذلك توكيل علي المقداد ﵄ ليسأل النبي ﷺ عن حكم المذي، أخرجه البخاري في العلم/ باب من استحيا فأمر غيره بالسؤال (١٣٢)، ومسلم في الطهارة/ باب المذي (٣٠٣) عن علي ﵁. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في الصوم/ باب من مات وعليه صوم (١٩٥٢)، ومسلم في الصيام/ باب قضاء الصوم عن الميت (١١٤٧) عن عائشة ﵂.