Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

or more or less. He may say: “Go to so-and-so and borrow from him,” in which case the master becomes liable. The master himself may be in need, and so he may say: “Go, so-and-so, to such-and-such a man and borrow such-and-such from him.” The point is that whatever the slave borrows for his master is the master’s responsibility.

His statement: “Otherwise”—meaning, if he does not give him permission.

His statement: “Then it is attached to his person,” meaning that it is attached to the slave himself. The difference between its being attached to the slave and its being attached to the master’s liability is that, when it is attached to the master’s liability, he is obliged to repay it no matter how large it is, even if it amounts to ten times the slave’s value.

But when it is attached to the slave himself, the master has a choice between three options: he may sell him and give his price to the person from whom the slave borrowed; he may hand the slave over to the lender in lieu of the debt; or the master may ransom him by paying the amount the slave borrowed.

For example, if a slave borrows one thousand riyals without his master’s permission, the debt is attached to the slave himself. We then say to the master: “You have a choice. If you wish, give the slave to the creditor and say: ‘The slave is yours in exchange for the debt he borrowed from you.’ Or sell the slave, take his price, and give it to the creditor. Or ransom him by paying the amount of his debt.” Thus, he may say: “The debt is such-and-such. I do not wish to sell the slave, nor do I wish to hand him over to you, but here is the debt that you lent him.” Which option will he choose? The master will choose the least costly one, because that is in his interest. The difference between selling the slave and handing his price over to the creditor, and handing the slave himself over to the creditor, is that the master may take the slave’s welfare into consideration.

So if the creditor says: “You now have the choice either to give him to me, sell him, or ransom him and keep the slave with you—but since you...”

أو أكثر أو أقل، فيقول: اذهب إلى فلان واستدن منه، فيلزم السيد، وقد يكون السيد عليه حاجة، فيقول: اذهب يا فلان إلى الرجل الفلاني واستقرض منه كذا وكذا، فالمهم أن ما استدانه لسيده فهو على سيده. قوله: «وإلا» يعني وإلا يأذن له. قوله: «ففي رقبته» أي: يتعلق برقبة العبد، والفرق بين تعلقه برقبة العبد وتعلقه بذمة السيد، أنه إذا تعلق بذمة السيد لزمه وفاؤه مهما بلغ، حتى لو كان أكثر من قيمة العبد عشر مرات. أما إذا تعلق برقبة العبد، فإنه يخير السيد بين أمور ثلاثة، إما أن يبيعه ويعطي ثمنه من استدان منه العبد، وإما أن يسلمه لمن استدان منه عوضاً عن الدين، وإما أن يفديه السيد بما استدان. مثال ذلك: استدان العبد ألف ريال بغير إذن سيده، فإنه يتعلق برقبته، فنقول للسيد: أنت مخير إن شئت أعطِ صاحب الدين العبد، وقل: لك العبد بالدين الذي استدانه منك، أو يبيع العبد ويأخذ قيمته ويعطيها صاحب الدين، أو يفديه بقدر ديْنِهِ، فيقول: الدين كذا وكذا وأنا لا أريد أن أبيع العبد، ولا أريد أن أعطيك إياه، ولكن هذا دينك الذي ديَّنته، أيهما الذي يختار؟ سوف يختار السيد الأقل؛ لأنه من مصلحته، والفرق بين كونه يبيعه ويسلم ثمنه لصاحب الدين، وبين أنه يسلمه إلى صاحب الدين، أنه قد يلاحظ مصلحة العبد. فإذا قال صاحب الدين: أنت الآن لك الخيار بين أن تعطيني إياه أو تبيعه، أو تفديه، ويكون عندك العبد، لكن ما دمت

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