Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (9/235)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

practise in the pre-Islamic era, and concerning which Allah said:

“O you who believe, do not consume usury, multiplied many times over. And fear Allah, so that you may prosper.” [Al Imran]

If he settles it for part of it to be deferred, then this is the first case. This is why we had to say, “the reverse”: that he settles an immediately due debt for a greater amount to be paid later—not for part of it to be deferred, but for a greater amount to be deferred. This is invalid, and the reason is clear.

Or if he acknowledges that a house belongs to someone and settles with him on the condition that he may live in it, or that he may build a room above it; or if he settles with a legally accountable person in return for his acknowledging that he is his slave; or with a woman in return for her acknowledging that she is his wife, for compensation—this is invalid...

His statement, “Or if he acknowledges that a house belongs to someone and settles with him on the condition that he may live in it,” means that he acknowledges a house as belonging to a person and then settles with him on the condition that he may reside in it. Thus, he says, “This house belongs to you, but settle with me on the condition that I reside in it for one year.” This is not valid, because he has settled some of his property for some of it. However, in such a case, if he acknowledges the house as belonging to him, we may say that the person in whose favor the acknowledgment is made may grant him its use as a residence for a year, for example, or for less or more. But to make this a settlement is not valid.

His statement, “or that he may build a room above it,” means that this too is not valid, because he has settled some of his property for some of it. If he says, “What is above it does not belong to you,” we say: It belongs to him up to the sky and down to the seventh earth. The proof is the statement of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: “Whoever wrongfully appropriates a handspan of land will be encircled with it on the Day of Resurrection from seven earths.” (1) Usually, such an arrangement is only conceivable if the person making the acknowledgment refuses to

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Mazalim, chapter: “The Sin of Wrongfully Taking Any Part of Land” (2452), and by Muslim in al-Buyu, chapter: “The Prohibition of Injustice and Usurping Land and Other Property” (1610), on the authority of Sa'id ibn Zayd. The wording is Muslim's.

يتعاطونه في الجاهلية والذي قال الله فيه: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا الرِّبَا أَضْعَافًا مُضَاعَفَةً وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ *﴾ [آل عمران]، فإن صالح عن بعضه مؤجلاً، فهي المسألة الأولى، ولهذا اضطررنا إلى أن نقول: «بالعكس» أن يصالح عن الحال بأكثر منه مؤجلاً لا ببعضه مؤجلاً بل بأكثر منه مؤجلاً، فإنه لا يصح، والعلة واضحة. أَوْ أَقَرَّ لَهُ بِبَيْتٍ فَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى سُكْناهُ، أَوْ يَبْنِيَ لَهُ فَوْقَهُ غُرْفَةً، أَوْ صَالَحَ مُكَلَّفاً لِيُقِرَّ لَهُ بِالعُبُودِيَّةِ، أَوْ امْرأةً لتُقرَّ لَهُ بِالزَّوْجِيَّةِ بِعِوَضٍ لَمْ يَصِح ............... قوله: «أو أقر له ببيت فصالحه على سكناه» أي: أقر لشخص ببيت وصالحه على أن يسكنه، فهذا صلح على إقرار، بأن قال: هذا البيت لك ولكن صالحني على أن أسكنه لمدة سنة، فإنه لا يصح؛ لأنه صالح عن بعض ماله ببعضه، ولكن يمكن أن نقول في مثل هذا، إذا أقر له بالبيت: إن للمُقَرَّ له أن يمنحه إياه للسكن سنة ـ مثلاً ـ أو أقل أو أكثر، أما أن يجعل ذلك صلحاً فلا يصح. قوله: «أو يبني له فوقه غرفة» فلا يصح، لأنه صالح عن ماله ببعض ماله، فإذا قال: الذي فوق ليس لك؟ نقول: له إلى السماء، وإلى الأرض السابعة، والدليل قول النبي ﷺ: «من اقتطع شبراً من الأرض ظلماً طوقه يوم القيامة من سبع أراضين» (١)، والغالب أن مثل هذا لا يتأتى إلا إذا امتنع المقر من

(١) أخرجه البخاري في المظالم/ باب إثم من ظلم شيئاً من الأرض (٢٤٥٢)، ومسلم في البيوع/ باب تحريم الظلم وغصب الأرض وغيرها (١٦١٠) عن سعيد بن زيد ﵁، واللفظ لمسلم.